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Emperor Yūryaku

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Emperor Yūryaku
雄略天皇
Woodblock print of Yūryaku hunting Wild Boars by Adachi Ginkō, 1896
Emperor of Japan
Reign456 – 479 (traditional)[1]
PredecessorAnkō
SuccessorSeinei
Born417–418[a]
Died479 (aged 61–62)[b]
Hatsuse no Asakura Palace
Burial
Tajihi no Takawashi-no-hara no misasagi (丹比高鷲原陵) (Habikino, Osaka)
SpouseKusaka-no-hatabihime[6]
Issue
among others...		Emperor Seinei
Posthumous name
Chinese-style shigō:
Emperor Yūryaku (雄略天皇)

Japanese-style shigō:
Ōhatsuse Wakatakeru no Mikoto (大泊瀬幼武尊天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Ingyō[2]
MotherOshisaka no Ōnakatsuhime[7]

Emperor Yūryaku (雄略天皇, Yūryaku-tennō) (417/18 – 479) was the 21st Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[8][9] According to the Kojiki, this Emperor is said to have ruled from the Thirteenth Day of the Eleventh Month of 456 (Heishin) until his death on the Seventh Day of the Eight Month of 479 (Kibi). He is the first archaeologically verifiable Japanese emperor.[10]

Protohistoric narrative

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The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Yūryaku is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from the pseudo-historical Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, which are collectively known as Kiki (記紀) or Japanese chronicles. These chronicles include legends and myths, as well as potential historical facts that have since been exaggerated and/or distorted over time. It is recorded in the Kiki that Yūryaku was born to Oshisaka no Ōnakatsuhime (忍坂大中姫) sometime in 417 or 418 AD, and was given the name Ōhatsuse no Wakatakeru[c] (大泊瀬稚武皇子).[7][3][11] As the fifth and youngest son of Emperor Ingyō he was never given the title of "Crown Prince" due to his two older living brothers.[d]

Ascension

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Ōhatsuse was thrown into a fit of rage when he learned that his brother Emperor Ankō was assassinated in 456 AD.[11] He then immediately became suspicious of his two elder brothers as conspirers. Ōhatsuse's first action was to question Prince Shirahiko regarding what could have happened. Shirahiko allegedly knew Ōhatsuse was up to no good, so he sat silently[e] which prompted Ōhatsuse to kill him both individually with a sword.[11] He then turned his rage towards the boy assassin Mayowa no Ōkimi [ja] (Prince Mayowa), and his other brother Kurohiko by burning him to death.[11] This just left Emperor Richū's eldest son Prince Ichinobe no Oshiwa in contention for the throne.

Ōhatsuse was resentful that Ankō had formally wished to transfer the kingdom to Ichinobe. Both the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki describe how Ōhatsuse took Prince Ichinobe and his younger brother Prince Mima out hunting and "treacherously" killed them.[11][13] The sons of Prince Ichinobe fled to Harima and went into hiding, later becoming Emperor Kenzō and Emperor Ninken. Ōhatsuse (later known as Emperor Yūryaku) was then enthroned sometime afterwards in November 456.[11] The new emperor subsequently made Asakura no Miya at Sakurai, Nara the location of his imperial palace.[5][14] Emperor Richū's widow Kusaka no Hatabi no hime was appointed Empress with three concubines in March 457.[11]

Reign

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According to the Kiki, Emperor Yūryaku's reign was full of tyranny and cruelty. He allegedly ordered a girl to "have her four limbs stretched on a tree and be roasted to death" due to misplaced affection. Another account states that he killed one of his servants during a hunt because his servant did not understand how to cut up animal meat. Yūryaku also allegedly removed a high official to a distant post so he could help himself to the man's wife.[15] The Emperor arbitrary and capriciously killed so many men and women that he was referred to as Emperor of Great Wickedness by the public.[15] However, it is noted that Yūryaku improved his behavior after being admonished by the empress.[16] On a more positive side, Yūryaku greatly encouraged arts and crafts during his reign. Silkworms were cultivated by the Empress, and expert handicraftsmen were commissioned from Baekje (Korea).[15] While the Empress herself never bore Yūryaku any children, he had three sons and two daughters with his concubines.[6][11]

In the 22nd year of his reign (477 AD) Yūryaku moved the temple of Toyoukeohokami (present: Gaiku temple) from Tamba to Yamada in Ise.[6]

In 463, Yūryaku Tennō invited the thunder god of the Mimuro hill to come to the Imperial Palace, and ordered Chiisakobe no muraji Sugaru to fetch the deity. He obliged, thinking the supernatural being would have no reason to refuse the invitation, and rode carrying a halberd with a red banner, symbolising his office of royal messenger. Soon enough, the thunder struck, and Sugaru enlisted the help of priests to enshrine the kami into a portable carriage, to be brought in the Emperor's presence, as a great serpent. But, said Emperor neglected to practice proper ritual purification and religious abstinence. The thunder kami then showed his displeasure through thundering and threatening fiery eyeballs, and Emperor Yūryaku fled into the interior of the Palace while covering his eyes. The great serpent was returned to Mimuro, and the Emperor made many offerings to appease the angry deity. This story is recorded in Nihongi and mentioned by William George Aston, in "Shinto, the Ancient Religion of Japan" as well as several other books.

Historical assessment

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Yūryaku is regarded by historians as a ruler during the 5th century whose existence is generally accepted as fact.[17] Scholar Francis Brinkley lists Emperor Yūryaku under "Protohistoric sovereigns" where he remarks that while some historians have described him as an "austere" man, "few readers of his annals will be disposed to endure such a lenient verdict."[15] Scottish Orientalist scholar and journalist James Murdoch regards Yūryaku as a "much maligned person who was a strong if somewhat ferocious ruler."[6] The Emperor is also described as a "mighty hunter" who at one point had the God "Hitokotonushi" accompany him in the chase.[6]

A cognitive analysis "as deciphered in the Nihon shoki" was conducted in 2024 by the National Institute of Japanese Literature. In this analysis Emperor Yūryaku was included as an example of "impulsive murder and the tendency to become enraged." Factors such as "the disproportion between the triggering events", "the violence expressed by the emperor on such occasions (quite extreme in degree)", and the "frequent occurrence of such descriptions" were then considered for a conclusion. It is suggested that Emperor Yūryaku may have had an "intermittent explosive disorder, a type of Impulse-control disorder."[16]


The Emperor's interest in poetry is amongst the more well-documented aspects of his character and reign. Poems attributed to him are included in the Man'yōshū, and a number of his verses are preserved in the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki.[18]

Archaeological research has also confirmed that large keyhole-shaped tombs belonging to the chiefs of local ruling families disappeared from around the end of the 5th century when Yūryaku reigned.[19]

Outside of the Kiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[f] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates.[21] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[g] between 737 and 806 AD.[22]

Great King of Yamoto

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Inariyama Sword

During this moment in history, the calendar system of the Nihon Shoki changes from before and after Yūryaku's reign. As his name is mentioned at the beginning of the Man'yōshū and Nihon Ryōiki, this is seen as a historical turning point.[23][24] Previously the Japanese archipelago had been a confederation of powerful ruling families from various regions. This appeared to have changed with the appearance of Emperor Yuryaku as the autocratic rule of the Great King was established and a centralized system centered on the Great King began.[25] This is further supported by a major discovery that occurred in 1968 when the iron Inariyama burial-mound sword was extracted from a tomb. In 1978, X-ray analysis revealed a gold-inlaid inscription that comprises at least 115 Chinese characters. The given year on the sword is denoted as "xin-hai" ("Year of the Metal Pig") according to the Chinese sexagenary cycle, in which the name of the year is recycled every 60 years. While this year is generally regarded in Japan to correspond to 471 AD, at least one historian suggests that 531 is a more likely date.[26]

The person buried in the tomb is given the name "Wowake", who was thought to be an influential warrior in the region. King Waka Takiru in the transcription is thought to be the same person as Ōhatsuse-wakatakeru-no-mikoto as mentioned in the Nihon Shoki, an alias of Emperor Yūryaku.[27] As each inscription contains the name of an official position, this suggests that a system similar to the Bemin was already in place.[28][29] While the Eta Funayama Sword also apparently mentions the name "Waka Takiru", many characters on that sword are illegible possibly due to polishing by a Japanese sword sharpener at the end of the Taisho period.[30] If Yūryaku's name can be corroborated to this sword then it can be interpreted that the power of the Great King had already extended from Kyushu to Togoku by the latter half of the 5th century.[31]

There is no evidence to suggest that the title tennō (meaning "emperor") was used during the time to which Yūryaku's reign has been assigned. Instead, his title could have possibly been Sumeramikoto or Amenoshita Shiroshimesu Ōkimi (治天下大王), meaning "the great king who rules all under heaven", or ヤマト大王/大君 "Great King of Yamato". The name Yūryaku-tennō was more than likely assigned to him posthumously by later generations.[32] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Yūryaku, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki.[22]

King Bu

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Goguryeo in 476 AD

There is also a theory that Emperor Yūryaku is synonymous with King Bu (武) as written in the Chinese records. According to the Book of Song, Bu dispatched envoys to Emperor Shun of Song (a Southern Chinese dynasty) in both 477 and 478 AD. The first envoy was to inform the Chinese emperor that King Kō (Emperor Ankō) had died, and his older brother had become king.[33] It is written that he called himself "King of Wa", and the military commander of several different Kingdoms.[34][35] Its written that in the following year Emperor Shun appointed Bu the title of Grand Peacekeeper-General of the East. The full context of this latter passage describes how Bu's ancestors conquered countries, and expanded their power to the east and west. It describes how they crossed the sea to the north and reached the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Although the kings of Wa (Japan) repeatedly requested that the Emperors of the Song dynasty recognize their military control over Baekje, their efforts were denied. The reason for this is thought to be that the Song dynasty placed importance on Baekje, which was located in a strategically important area. By not offering recognition the Song Emperors could put the Northern Wei in check, and avoid opposition from Goguryeo which was in conflict with Wa.[36] Scholar Francis Brinkley notes that the power of the Koma clan (supported by the Liu Song dynasty) in Goguryeo increased steadily during this time. Brinkley suggests that Emperor Yūryaku's attempts to establish close relations with the Chinese Emperor seem to be from a desire to isolate Korea, which ended in failure.[15]

The other two recorded instances regarding King Bu are mentioned in the books of Qi, and Liang. As compared to the former mention in 478 AD, these are not considered to be reliable.[37] Japanese historian Mori Kimiaki points out that both of these appointments coincide with the founding year of their respective dynasties. This is thought to be an administrative matter, and it is not clear whether King Bu (Yūryaku) himself requested it or not.[38] There is at least 1 theory that supports the envoy being sent to Southern Qi in 479 as being factual. This is solely based though, on the description in the title of Shoban Shokugu Illustrated Scrolls (諸番職貢図巻) included in Ainichi Ginro Sho Ga Zuroku (愛日吟盧書画続録).[37] The fourth and final appointment allegedly made by King Bu (Yūryaku) falls outside of his recorded timeline. As the Kiki states that Emperor Yūryaku died in 479, the last given year of 502 AD would be implausible.

Gravesite

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While the actual site of Yūryaku's grave is not known, this regent is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) in Habikino, Osaka. As designated by the Imperial Household Agency as Yūryaku's mausoleum, its formal name is Tajihi no Takawashi-no-hara no misasagi.[9] Aside from this shrine in Osaka, there is another burial site named Kawachi Otsukayama Kofun (河内大塚山古墳) where Yūryaku is a possible burial candidate. Those in doubt of this theory though, point to the construction style of the Kofun which may have begun several decades after Emperor Yūryaku's death. This has led some researchers to add Emperor Ankan as a burial candidate for the Kofun.[39][40] Yūryaku is also enshrined at the Imperial Palace along with other emperors and members of the Imperial Family at the Three Palace Sanctuaries. He is additionally deified at the Katsuragi Ichigoshu Shrine (葛城一言主神社) in Gose, Nara.

Consorts and children

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Spouse/Concubine

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Position Name Father Issue[2]
Empress
(Kōgō) 		Kusaka no Hatabi no hime[h] (草香幡梭姫皇女) Emperor Nintoku None
Consort
(Hi) 		Katsuragi no Karahime (葛城韓媛)[41] Katsuragi no Tsubura no Ōmi  • Prince Shiraka (白髪皇子)
 • Princess Taku-hata no Iratsume (栲幡姫皇女)
Consort
(Hi) 		Kibi no Wakahime (吉備稚媛, d.479)[41] Kibi no Kamitsumichi no Ōmi[41]  • Prince Iwaki (磐城皇子)
 • Prince Hoshikawa no Wakamiya (星川稚宮皇子)
Consort
(Hi) 		Wani no Ōminagimi (和珥童女君)[41] Kasuga no Wani no Ōmi Fukame  • Princess Kasuga no Ōiratsume (春日大娘皇女)

Issue

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Status Name[2] Comments
Prince Prince Shiraka (白髪皇子) Shiraka became the next Emperor (Seinei).
Princess Princess Taku-hata no Iratsume (栲幡姫皇女) Also known as "Waka-tarashi-hime", she "attended to the sacrifices of the Great Deity of Ise" (Amaterasu).[41] Taku was also a Saiō princess and died sometime in 459 AD.
Prince Prince Iwaki (磐城皇子) Iwaki died sometime between 479 and 481 AD.
Prince Prince Hoshikawa no Wakamiya (星川稚宮皇子) Wakamiya died sometime in 479 AD.
Princess Princess Kasuga no Ōiratsume (春日大娘皇女) Ōiratsume was later married to Emperor Ninken.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Yūryaku's birth year is mentioned as either 417 or 418 AD.[2][3][4]
  2. ^ According to Delmer Brown, the Nihon Shoki states that Yūryaku lived to be 104.[5] This age differs from the Kojiki which gives an "advanced age" of 124. Edmond Papinot gives an age of 62 for Yūryaku which matches the "417" birth year given by other sources.[6]
  3. ^ This name literally means "Wakatake (Young Warrior) of Great Hatsuse", where "Hatsuse" is the old name for Sakurai, Nara.
  4. ^ Emperor Ankō never had direct-blood related children of his own.
  5. ^ William George Aston notes that the Kojiki "relates these events quite differently". Both brothers are shown to be vocal there in defending themselves.[12]
  6. ^ The 29th Emperor[8][20]
  7. ^ Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty
  8. ^ The Nihon Shoki refers to her as "Kusaka no Hatahi hime" and mentions "Tachi-bana-hime" as another given name.[41]

References

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  1. ^ "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Kunaicho.go.jp. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). 30 April 2010. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
  3. ^ a b Joseph Henry Longford (1923). "List of Emperors: II. The Dawn of History and The great Reformers". Japan. Houghton Mifflin. p. 304.
  4. ^ Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 488. ISBN 9780810878723.
  5. ^ a b Brown, Delmer M. (1979). "(22) Emperor Yūryaku". A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. Gukanshō. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1915). "Yuryaku (457–479)". The Imperial Family of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. pp. 13–16.
  7. ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1915). "Table of Emperors Mothers". The Imperial Family of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. xiii.
  8. ^ a b Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 27–28.
  9. ^ a b "雄略天皇 (21)". Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). Retrieved March 27, 2024.
  10. ^ Hirabayashi, Akihito (30 June 2021). 雄略天皇の古代史. Shigakusha. ISBN 978-4909868046.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h William George Aston (1896). "The Emperor Oho-Hatsuse Wakatake". Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. (Volume 1). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. pp. 333–372.
  12. ^ Basil Hall Chamberlain (1882). "Sect. CXLVL - Emperor Anko (Part III - Prince Oho Hatsuse Slays Princes Kuro-Biko and Shiro-Biro)". A translation of the "Kojiki" or Records of ancient matters. R. Meiklejohn and Co.
  13. ^ Basil Hall Chamberlain (1882). "Sect. CXLVIII - Emperor Anko (Part V - Prince Oho-Hatsuse Slays Prince Oshiha)". A translation of the "Kojiki" or Records of ancient matters. R. Meiklejohn and Co.
  14. ^ W. Koch (1904). Japan; Geschichte nach japanischen Quellen und ethnographische Skizzen (in German). W. Baensch. p. 13.
  15. ^ a b c d e Francis Brinkley (1915). "Chapter XII: The Protohistoric Sovereigns". A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. Encyclopædia Britannica. pp. 112–116.
  16. ^ a b Tojima Sayaka, Yamada Shigehito (2024). "Congenital Anomalies in Ancient Japan as Deciphered in the Nihon shoki (Chronicles of Japan)" (PDF). National Institute of Japanese Literature. p. 34 & 40–41.
  17. ^ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
  18. ^ Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkokai (1969). The Manyōshū, p. 317.
  19. ^ Yoshiyuki Takioto (2018). Understanding the Nihonshoki and Songshu: The Mysterious Fourth Generation Machine and the Five Kings of Wa. Seishun Publishing Co., Ltd., Seishun Shinsho Intelligence. p. 164. ISBN 978-4-413-04548-3.
  20. ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 248, 261–262. ISBN 9780520034600.
  21. ^ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897. According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
  22. ^ a b Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 217–223. ISBN 9780524053478.
  23. ^ Arikiyo Saeki (1988). Emperor Yuryaku and His Era. Yoshikawa Kobunkan. p. 6–8. ISBN 978-4-642-02145-6.
  24. ^ Kojiro Naoki (2009). Kojiro Naoki talks about the ancient times 6: The formation of ancient states: from the Yuryaku dynasty to the Keitai and Kinmei dynasties. Yoshikawa Kobunkan. pp. 15–23. ISBN 978-4-642-07887-0.
  25. ^ Yoshiyuki Takioto (2018). Understanding the Nihonshoki and Songshu: The Mysterious Fourth Generation Machine and the Five Kings of Wa. Seishun Publishing Co., Ltd., Seishun Shinsho Intelligence. p. 160. ISBN 978-4-413-04548-3.
  26. ^ Seeley, Christopher (1991). A History of Writing in Japan. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 19–23. ISBN 90-04-09081-9.
  27. ^ Joan R. Piggott (1997). The Emergence of Japanese Kingship. Stanford University Press.
  28. ^ Kojiro Naoki (2009). Kojiro Naoki talks about the ancient times 6: The formation of ancient states: from the Yuryaku dynasty to the Keitai and Kinmei dynasties. Yoshikawa Kobunkan. pp. 82–85. ISBN 978-4-642-07887-0.
  29. ^ Arikiyo Saeki (1988). Emperor Yuryaku and His Era. Yoshikawa Kobunkan. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-4-642-02145-6.
  30. ^ Conservation Science No. 34 (Conservation Science Research Center) (1995). "Regarding plasma preservation treatment of inlaid artifacts" (PDF) (in Japanese). Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Detailed explanation of Japanese history. Yamakawa Publishing. 2008. p. 29. ISBN 978-4-634-02522-6.
  32. ^ Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21. Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
  33. ^ Bruce L. Batten (2006). Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War and Peace, 500-1300. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-8248-3029-8.
  34. ^ Toyo Bunko 264 (1974). East Asian Ethnic History 1 Official History of the Toiden. Heibonsha. p. 309-313.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ Wakokuden: Japan depicted in official Chinese history. Kodansha Academic Library. 2010. p. 117-123.
  36. ^ Arikiyo Saeki (1988). Emperor Yuryaku and His Era. Yoshikawa Kobunkan. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-4-642-02145-6.
  37. ^ a b Haruto Kawachi (2018). The Five Kings of Wa: Throne Succession and East Asia in the Fifth Century. Chuoko Shinsho. p. 207-228. ISBN 978-4-121-02470-1.
  38. ^ Mori Kimiaki (2010). The Five Kings of Wa: 5th Century East Asia and the Statue of the Wa Kings. Yamakawa Publishing Co., Ltd. p. 7-11. ISBN 978-4-634-54802-2.
  39. ^ Yoshikazu Togawa (2007). Hiokiso Nishimachi Kiln System Haniwa and Kawachi Otsukayama Kofun. Haniwa Study Group. p. 6.
  40. ^ Naofumi Kishimoto (2020). Wa Kingship and the Anterior and Posterior Mounds. Hakushobo.
  41. ^ a b c d e f William George Aston (1896). "The Emperor Oho-Hatsuse Wakatake". Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. (Volume 1). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. p. 337.

Further reading

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[edit]
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Japan:
Yūryaku
456 – 479
(traditional dates) 		Succeeded by
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