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Fallingwater

Coordinates: 39°54′22″N 79°28′5″W / 39.90611°N 79.46806°W / 39.90611; -79.46806
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Fallingwater
Fallingwater in Stewart Township, Pennsylvania
Map
Interactive map showing Fallingwater's location
LocationStewart Township,
Fayette County, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Nearest cityUniontown
Coordinates39°54′22″N 79°28′5″W / 39.90611°N 79.46806°W / 39.90611; -79.46806
Built1936–1939
ArchitectFrank Lloyd Wright
Architectural style(s)Modern architecture
Visitorsabout 135,000
Governing bodyWestern Pennsylvania Conservancy
CriteriaCultural: (ii)
Designated2019 (43rd session)
Part ofThe 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright
Reference no.1496-005
RegionEurope and North America
DesignatedJuly 23, 1974[1]
Reference no.74001781[1]
DesignatedMay 23, 1966[2]
DesignatedMay 15, 1994[3]
Fallingwater path from main house to guest house

Fallingwater is a house in the Mill Run section of Stewart Township, Pennsylvania, United States, designed by the architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935. Situated in the Laurel Highlands of southwest Pennsylvania, it is built partly over a waterfall on the Bear Run river. The house was designed to serve as a weekend retreat for Liliane and Edgar J. Kaufmann, the owner of Pittsburgh's Kaufmann's Department Store. The original house was completed in 1937, and a guest annex was completed in 1939. The Kaufmanns' son, Edgar Kaufmann Jr., deeded the house in 1963 to the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, which continues to operate it as a tourist attraction.

The house has received architectural commentary over the years, and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark. Fallingwater was listed as a World Heritage Site in 2019 as part of a group of eight listings known as "The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright".

Site

[edit]

Fallingwater is situated in Stewart Township in the Laurel Highlands of southwest Pennsylvania, United States,[4] about 72 miles (116 km) southeast of Pittsburgh.[5] The house is located near Pennsylvania Route 381 between the communities of Ohiopyle and Mill Run in Fayette County, Pennsylvania.[6]

The main house sits above a set of waterfalls on the Bear Run stream.[6] There are two waterfalls on the grounds: an upper falls about 20 feet (6.1 m) high, where the house is situated, and a lower falls about 10 feet (3.0 m) high, downstream of the house.[6] At the point where it runs beneath the house, the stream is 1,298 feet (396 m) above sea level.[7][8] The stream itself is about 5 miles (8.0 km) long,[9] descending from an elevation of 2,500 to 1,070 feet (760 to 330 m) above sea level.[8]

Use as house

[edit]
Fallingwater, as seen from Bear Run

Context

[edit]

Fallingwater was one of three major buildings that Frank Lloyd Wright designed and constructed in the late 1930s; the other two were the Johnson Wax Building in Racine, Wisconsin, and Herbert Jacobs's first house in Madison, Wisconsin.[10]

Client

[edit]

Edgar J. Kaufmann was a Pittsburgh businessman and president of Kaufmann's Department Store. Liliane Kaufmann, like her husband, was an outdoors person who enjoyed both hiking and horseback riding.[11] The Kaufmanns lived in La Tourelle, a French Norman estate in Fox Chapel designed in 1923 by Pittsburgh architect Benno Janssen.[12] They had also owned a summer retreat at Bear Run for nearly 15 years before commissioning Fallingwater.[8] This was composed of a small cabin near a waterfall.

Edgar and Liliane became familiar with the work of the architect Frank Lloyd Wright through their only child, Edgar Kaufmann Jr..[11][a] The younger Edgar Kaufmann had studied in Europe under the artist Victor Hammer from 1930 to 1933.[13][14] After returning to the United States, in mid-1934, Edgar Jr. read Frank Lloyd Wright's An Autobiography (1932) and traveled to meet him at his Taliesin studio in Wisconsin in late September.[15] Within three weeks, Edgar Jr. began an apprenticeship at the Taliesin Fellowship, a communal architecture program established in 1932 by Wright and his wife, Olgivanna. It was during a visit with their son at Taliesin in November 1934 that Edgar and Liliane Kaufmann first met Wright.[11]

The elder Edgar Kaufmann eventually agreed to design a building for Kaufmann's Department Store, and later a house at Bear Run, at his son's urging.[16] On December 18, 1934, Wright visited Bear Run and asked for a survey of the area around the waterfall.[17] An engineering map of the site's boulders, trees, and topography was completed and forwarded to Wright on March 9, 1935.[18]

Name

[edit]

The "Fallingwater" name originated with Wright in late 1937, when he wrote the text that accompanied a feature article on Wright's career in the January 1938 Architectural Forum. Until that time it had been referred to on Wright's drawings and in correspondence as the E.J. Kaufmann Residence or E.J. Kaufmann House, the names used in publications covering the house's construction. The new name immediately became popular, and was amplified by a 1938 exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art and in Henry Luce's popular magazines Time and Life. The name was apparently disliked by E.J. and Liliane Kaufmann, who did not use it.[19]

Construction

[edit]

Planning

[edit]
The strong horizontal and vertical lines are a distinctive feature of Fallingwater

Wright drew up the plans at Taliesin, assisted by his apprentices Edgar Tafel and Robert Mosher.[20] As reported by Wright's apprentices, Kaufmann was in Milwaukee on September 22, nine months after their initial meeting, when he called Wright at home early in the morning to tell Wright that he would be visiting that day. Wright had told Kaufmann in earlier communications that he had been making progress on the plans but in actuality, he had not done anything. After breakfast, amid a group of very nervous apprentices, Wright calmly drew the plans in the two hours it took Kaufmann to drive to Taliesin.[21] Tafel and Mosher later stated that when Wright was designing the plans he spoke of how the spaces would be used, directly linking form to function.[22]

Kdgar aufmann had expected that the house would be downstream of Bear Run's waterfalls, allowing the Kaufmann family to see the cascades.[23] However, instead Wright designed the home above the waterfall.[24][25] A reporter for The Morning Call wrote that the house was built above the falls at Wright's insistence.[26] Edgar Kaufmann was allegedly initially very upset with this change.[17] Early on in the design process, Wright also suggested covering the exteriors with gold leaf.[26][27]

The Kaufmanns planned to entertain large groups so the house needed to be larger than the original plot allowed. They also requested separate bedrooms as well as a bedroom for their adult son and an additional guest room.[17] A cantilevered structure was used to address these requests.[17] The structural design for Fallingwater was undertaken by Wright in association with staff engineers Mendel Glickman and William Wesley Peters, who had been responsible for the columns in Wright's revolutionary design for the Johnson Wax Headquarters.

Preliminary plans were issued to Kaufmann for approval on October 15, 1935,[28] after which Wright made an additional visit to the site to generate a cost estimate for the job. In December 1935, an old rock quarry was reopened to the west of the site to provide the stones needed for the house's walls. Wright visited only periodically during construction, assigning his apprentice Robert Mosher as his permanent on-site representative.[28] The final drawings were issued by Wright in March 1936 with work beginning on the bridge and main house in April.

Construction issues

[edit]

The construction was plagued by conflicts between Wright, Kaufmann, and the contractor. Uncomfortable with what he saw as Wright's insufficient experience using reinforced concrete, Kaufmann had the architect's daring cantilever design reviewed by a firm of consulting engineers. Upon receiving their report, Wright took offense, immediately requesting that Kaufmann return his drawings and indicating that he was withdrawing from the project. Kaufmann relented to Wright's gambit and the engineer's report was subsequently buried within a stone wall of the house.[28]

For the cantilevered floors, Wright and his team used upside-down T-shaped beams integrated into a monolithic concrete slab which formed both the ceiling of the space below and provided resistance against compression. The contractor, Walter Hall, also an engineer, produced independent computations and argued for increasing the reinforcing steel in the first floor's slab—Wright refused the suggestion. There was speculation over the years that the contractor quietly doubled the amount of reinforcement[29] versus Kaufmann's consulting engineers doubling the amount of steel specified by Wright.[28] During the process of restoration begun in 1995, it was confirmed that additional concrete reinforcement had been added.

In addition, the contractor did not build in a slight upward incline in the formwork for the cantilever to compensate for its settling and deflection. Once the formwork was removed, the cantilever developed a noticeable sag. Upon learning of the unapproved steel addition, Wright recalled Mosher.[30] With Kaufmann's approval, the consulting engineers had a supporting wall installed under the main supporting beam for the west terrace. When Wright discovered it on a site visit, he had Mosher discreetly remove the top course of stones. When Kaufmann later confessed to what had been done, Wright showed him what Mosher had done and pointed out that the cantilever had held up for the past month under test loads without the wall's support.[31]

Completion and cost

[edit]

The main house was completed in 1938 and the guest house was completed the following year.[32] The original estimated cost for building Fallingwater was $35,000. The final cost for the home and guest house was $155,000 (equivalent to about $2.7 million in 2023),[33][34][35] which included $75,000 for the house; $22,000 for finishings and furnishings; $50,000 for the guest house, garage and servants' quarters; and an $8,000 architect's fee.[36] From 1938 through 1941, more than $22,000 was spent on additional details and for changes in the hardware and lighting.[36] The total cost was nearly four times Kaufmann's original $40,000 budget for the house, which in turn was ten times the average cost of a four-bedroom house in Pennsylvania at the time.[6]

Usage

[edit]

Fallingwater was the Kaufmann family's weekend home for 26 years. After his father's death in 1955, Kaufmann Jr. inherited Fallingwater, continuing to use it as a weekend retreat until 1963.[34] The family retreated to Fallingwater on weekends to escape the heat and smoke of industrial Pittsburgh. Liliane enjoyed swimming in the nude and collecting modern art, especially the works of Diego Rivera, who was a guest at the country house.[37]

[Wright] understood that people were creatures of nature, hence an architecture which conformed to nature would conform to what was basic in people. For example, although all of Falling Water [sic] is opened by broad bands of windows, people inside are sheltered as in a deep cave, secure in the sense of the hill behind them.

— Edgar Kaufmann Jr.[38]

Western Pennsylvania Conservancy usage

[edit]
The cantilevers at Fallingwater

Increasingly concerned with ensuring Fallingwater's preservation and following his father's wishes, Edgar Kaufmann Jr. entrusted the home and approximately 1,500 acres of land to the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy in 1963,[26] in tribute to his parents.[39] He guided the organization's thinking about Fallingwater's administration, care, and educational programming and was a frequent visitor as guided tours began in 1964. Kaufmann's partner, architect and designer Paul Mayén, also contributed to the legacy of Fallingwater with a design for the visitor center, completed in 1981.[40]

Preservation

[edit]
Miniature replica of the Fallingwater building at MRRV, at the Carnegie Science Center in Pittsburgh

Fallingwater had shown signs of deterioration ever since its construction; as designed, the cantilevers were not strong enough to carry the portions of the house overhanging Bear Run.[5] Acid rain, and repeated thawing and freezing, had also caused deterioration.[41][42] Fallingwater's six bathrooms are lined with cork tiles, which were hand-waxed at the time of their installation, giving them a shiny finish; however, they began to exhibit signs of water damage in the late 20th century.[42] In addition, Fallingwater's cantilevered balconies had begun to deflect when they were completed, and the deflection increased over time, eventually reaching 7 inches (180 mm) over a 15-foot (4.6 m) span by the 1990s.[5]

In 1995, the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy commissioned a study of the site's structural integrity. Structural engineers analyzed the movement of the cantilevers over time and conducted radar analysis to locate and quantify the reinforcement. The data proved the contractor had indeed added reinforcement over Wright's plan; nevertheless, the cantilevers were still insufficiently reinforced. Both the concrete and its steel reinforcement were close to their failure limits. An architectural firm was hired to fix the problem[43] beginning with the installation of temporary girders in 1997.[42][44]

The cost of the house's restoration in 2001 was estimated to be $11.5 million (approximately $18.9 million in 2023).[45] In 2002, the structure was repaired permanently using post-tensioning. The living room flagstone floor blocks were individually tagged and removed. Blocks were joined to the concrete cantilever beams and floor joists; high-strength steel cables were fed through the blocks and exterior concrete walls and tightened using jacks. The floors and walls were then restored, leaving Fallingwater's interior and exterior appearance unchanged. By 2011, the cantilevers had sufficient support and the deflection had stopped.[46]

Visitation

[edit]

By 1990, the house and grounds accommodated 128,000 visitors a year.[26] Following its renovation, in the 2010s, the house attracted more than 160,000 visitors from around the world each year.[47]

Architecture

[edit]
The interior of Fallingwater, showing a sitting area with furnishings designed by Wright
Viewing platform at the stream

Fallingwater has been described as an architectural tour de force of Wright's organic architecture.[48] The building includes Japanese architectural details because of Wright's love of Japanese architecture. Contemporary Japanese architect Tadao Ando has said of the house:[49]

I think Wright learned the most important aspect of architecture, the treatment of space, from Japanese architecture. When I visited Fallingwater in Pennsylvania, I found that same sensibility of space. But there was the additional sounds of nature that appealed to me.

In designing the building, Wright had sought to integrate the exterior and interior designs.[6][50] Where glass meets stone walls, the glass and its horizontal dividers were run into a caulked recess in the stonework so that the stone walls appear uninterrupted by glazing. A natural spring drips water inside, which is then channeled back out. Bedrooms are small, some with low ceilings; this was intended to encourage people outward toward the open social areas, decks, and outdoors.[citation needed]

Exterior

[edit]
Bridge leading to the entrance of Fallingwater

Wright, who saw the house as "an extension of a natural cliff", built Fallingwater out of stones from nearby quarries.[50] Wright had initially planned to have the house blend into its natural settings in rural Pennsylvania.[51] In doing so, he limited his palette to two colors, a light ocher for the concrete and his signature Cherokee red for the steel.[52] Wright made extensive use of cantilevered terraces, which were intended to resemble natural ledges.[50]

The main residence was built on top of an active waterfall that flows beneath the house.[50] There are also windows with metal casings. Some of the house's corners have windows that open inward.[26] The house's main entrance is accessed by a bridge across Bear Run, which has reinforced-concrete balustrades. At either end of each balustrade is a planter made of rough stone, which was intended to contrast with the smooth concrete used in the balustrades.[27] There is a rectangular concrete panel at the middle of the bridge deck, with square, inlaid lights at each corner of the panel.[53]

Interior

[edit]

The house is three stories high.[7][50] In general, the walls, chimney, and piers are made of sandstone from the surrounding area, while the terraces are made of concrete. Steel was used for the windows and doors. The floors have black-walnut millwork as well as sandstone finishes.[7]

Rooms

[edit]

The first story contains the main entrance, the living room (which is cantilevered above the waterfall), and the kitchen.[7][50] The first story has a waxed stone floor, an allusion to the stream flowing below it.[54] There are doors leading to terraces leading off the living room's western and eastern walls.[7] The fireplace hearth in the living room integrates boulders found on the site upon which the house was built.[23][50] There is a natural boulder protruding through the living room floor, which was retained at Edgar Kaufmann's request.[23] A stairway leads from the living room into the stream below it,[50][55] ending at a landing just above the stream.[55] There is a shallow plunge pool at the bottom of this stairway.[56] Bear Run sometimes swells during storms; due to the presence of the staircase, the first floor has flooded on occasion.[26] A doorway connected the kitchen and a dining area.[57]

The second floor contains the bedrooms.[7] There is a master bedroom 35 feet (11 m) above the waterfall,[26] which is directly above the living room and contains a terrace.[7] There is also a dressing room above the kitchen, which overlooks the falls to the west. A second bedroom, used by guests, is placed above the living room's eastern section.[7]

On the third story, there is another bedroom directly above the second-story dressing room. A set of stairs descends to the western second-story terrace. In addition, there is a terrace overlooking the house's center, which is accessed by a gallery that connects with a footbridge over the house's driveway.[7] Both the second and third stories are shaded by canopy cover from the surrounding forest.[54]

Furnishings

[edit]

Wright designed most of the house's furniture, which was built into the house.[26][7] He incorporated walnut finishes into many pieces of furniture.[7] Among the original furnishings were sheepskin rugs and a sheepskin living-room couch;[50] in addition, the Kaufmanns bought Tiffany lamps and Oriental art for the house.[26] Liliane Kaufmann, unhappy with Wright's original barrel-shaped seats, instead bought a set of three-legged stools, which she said would provide more stability on the stone floors.[26]

In the kitchen, there is a 6-foot-tall (1.8 m) niche with a fireplace, which is built into a rock outcropping.[57] Wright installed a 2-foot-diameter (0.61 m) cast iron kettle in the niche,[58] which is suspended from a swinging arm.[57] The niche turned out to be inefficient for its purpose: The kettle could not warm water after 12 hours, and the lid was extremely heavy.[58] Wright placed the house's toilets near the floor, as he believed that a squatting position was healthier than sitting atop a standard American toilet. In addition, he ordered extra-large shower heads to make visitors feel like they were under a waterfall.[6]

Outbuildings

[edit]

A passageway connects the main house with a guest and servant wing, which was completed in 1939 and is uphill of the main house. Adjacent to the guest house is a carport with four parking spots, which was built at the same time as the guest house and is accessed by a winding driveway.[55] Wright tried to preserve the natural features of the landscape; for example, he installed a brace along the driveway, which supports a tree.[26]

The guest quarters feature a spring-fed swimming pool which overflows and drains into the river below. After Fallingwater was deeded to the public, three carport bays were enclosed at the direction of Kaufmann Jr. to be used by museum visitors for the viewing of a presentation at the end of their guided tours on the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy (to which the home was entrusted). Kaufmann Jr. designed its interior himself according to specifications found in other Fallingwater interiors by Wright.[citation needed]

Impact

[edit]

Critical reception

[edit]

When the house was being completed, a writer for The Christian Science Monitor praised the use of contrasting materials, shapes, and tones, saying that they "add so much enchantment to the interior".[50] A writer for The Morning Call said in 1990 that the house was "like a gigantic piece of modern sculpture".[6] The next year, The New York Times described Fallingwater as "probably the most widely acclaimed modern residence in America".[59]

After the house's completion, Time called Fallingwater Wright's "most beautiful job"[60] and it is listed among Smithsonian's "Life List of 28 Places to See Before You Die".[61] In 1991, members of the American Institute of Architects named Fallingwater the "best all-time work of American architecture"[62][63] and, in 2007, ranked Fallingwater 29th on its "America's Favorite Architecture" list.[64]

In 1966, Fallingwater became a National Historic Landmark.[47] The house was also added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1974.[65] The United States Department of the Interior nominated Fallingwater to UNESCO's World Heritage List in 2015, alongside nine other buildings.[66][67] UNESCO ultimately added eight properties, including Fallingwater, to the World Heritage List in July 2019 under the title "The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright".[68][69]

Media depictions

[edit]

The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City has hosted several exhibits about Fallingwater. For example, MoMA displayed pictures of the house in 1938 after it was completed,[76] and the museum exhibited more images of the house after his death in 1959;[77] In addition, MoMA displayed a model of the house in 2009.[78] Rizzoli published a book about the house's history in 2011.[47]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ The younger Kaufmann spelled the "jr." in his name with lowercase letters.[5] For consistency, this article refers to him as Edgar Kaufmann Jr.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  2. ^ "Fallingwater". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
  3. ^ "PHMC Historical Markers". Historical Marker Database. Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
  4. ^ "Fallingwater". Western Pennsylvania Conservancy. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d Silman 2000, p. 88.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Kraft, Randy (October 7, 1990). "Fallingwater lives up to its billing". The Morning Call. pp. F1, F4. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k National Park Service 1974, p. 2.
  8. ^ a b c Hoffmann 1977, p. 3.
  9. ^ "ArcGIS Web Application". epa.maps.arcgis.com. US EPA. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  10. ^ McCarter, Robert (2001). "Wright, Frank Lloyd". In Boyer, Paul S. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to United States History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508209-8.
  11. ^ a b c "The Kaufmann Family – Fallingwater". Fallingwater. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
  12. ^ Van Trump, J.D. (1983). Life and Architecture in Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh & Landmarks Foundation. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-0-916670-08-5. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  13. ^ Goldberger, Paul (August 1, 1989). "Edgar Kaufmann Jr., 79, Architecture Historian". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  14. ^ Waggoner 2011, pp. 174–177.
  15. ^ Waggoner 2011, p. 178.
  16. ^ Silman 2000, pp. 88, 90.
  17. ^ a b c d Toker 2007.
  18. ^ Hoffmann 1977, p. 13.
  19. ^ Toker 2007, pp. 259–261.
  20. ^ Silman 2000, p. 90.
  21. ^ Tafel, Edgar (1979). Apprentice to genius: Years with Frank Lloyd Wright. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0070628151.
  22. ^ "Frank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater". Khan Academy.
  23. ^ a b c Mooney, Joan (July 15, 1990). "Fallingwater: Frank Lloyd Wright's idea of a home". The Baltimore Sun. p. 2G. ISSN 1930-8965. ProQuest 1753854824.
  24. ^ "[W]hy did the client say that he expected to look from his house toward the waterfall rather than dwell above it?" Edgar Kaufmann Jr., Fallingwater: A Frank Lloyd Wright Country House, New York: Abbeville Press, p. 31. (ISBN 0-89659-662-1)
  25. ^ McCarter 2002, p. 7.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Podger, Pamela J. (February 8, 1991). "An original Wright by a waterfall". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 69. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  27. ^ a b Waggoner 2011, p. 28.
  28. ^ a b c d Fallingwater: Frank Lloyd Wright (Architecture in Detail) McCarter, Robert, page 12. ISBN 0714829951
  29. ^ Feldman, Gerard C. (September 2005). "Fallingwater Is No Longer Falling" (PDF). Structure. pp. 46–50. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2010.
  30. ^ McCarter 2002, pp. 12–13.
  31. ^ McCarter 2002, p. 13.
  32. ^ "Fallingwater Facts – Fallingwater". Fallingwater. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
  33. ^ McCarter 2002, p. 59.
  34. ^ a b Plushnick-Masti, Ramit (September 27, 2007). "New Wright house in western Pa. completes trinity of work". Associated Press. Retrieved October 9, 2007.
  35. ^ Frost, Edward (March 9, 1986). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Masterpiece in Pennsylvania: Fallingwater—Where Man and Nature Live in Harmony". Los Angeles Times.
  36. ^ a b Hoffmann 1977, p. 52.
  37. ^ "The Kaufmann Legacy". Retrieved December 13, 2017.
  38. ^ Curtis, William J. R. (1983). Modern Architecture Since 1900. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall.
  39. ^ "Edgar J. Kaufmann Charitable Fund – The Pittsburgh Foundation". pittsburghfoundation.org. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  40. ^ "Behind Fallingwater: How Pa. became home to one of Frank Lloyd Wright's greatest works". PennLive.com. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  41. ^ Brackey, Harriet (May 18, 1990). "Fallingwater repairs; Turkel House sale". USA Today. p. 04B. ProQuest 306321208.
  42. ^ a b c "Preservation History – Fallingwater". Fallingwater. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
  43. ^ Saffron, Inga (September 8, 2002). "To keep Fallingwater from falling down". Philadelphia Inquirer Magazine. pp. 13–15.
  44. ^ Silman, Robert & Matteo, John (July 1, 2001). "Repair and Retrofit: Is Falling Water Falling Down?" (PDF). Structure. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
  45. ^ Lowry, Patricia (December 8, 2001). "Restoration of drooping Fallingwater uncovers flaws amid genius". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  46. ^ Meek, Tyler. "Fallingwater: Restoration and Structural Reinforcement". Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) July 9, 2012.
  47. ^ a b c Polier, Alexandra (July 28, 2011). "A 75th Anniversary for an American Icon". Architectural Record. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  48. ^ "Fallingwater". The Columbia Encyclopedia. Columbia University Press.
  49. ^ "Tadao Ando, 1995 Laureate: Biography" (PDF). The Hyatt Foundation. 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 23, 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Keyes, Helen Johnson (February 26, 1938). "A House in a River Gorge: Adopts Nature's Suggestion Three Floors Within The Architect's Credo". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 6. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514604526.
  51. ^ Mims, SK (1993). "Teacher Residency at Fallingwater". Experiencing Architecture. 45–46: 19–24.
  52. ^ "Fallingwater". Retrieved September 22, 2013.
  53. ^ Waggoner 2011, p. 30.
  54. ^ a b Waggoner 2011, p. 190.
  55. ^ a b c Waggoner 2011, p. 209.
  56. ^ Waggoner 2011, p. 32.
  57. ^ a b c Waggoner 2011, p. 76.
  58. ^ a b Mooney, Joan (July 15, 1990). "Fallingwater: Frank Lloyd Wright's idea of a home". The Baltimore Sun. p. 2G. ISSN 1930-8965. ProQuest 1753854824.
  59. ^ Fowler, Glenn (July 18, 1991). "William Wesley Peters Dies at 79; A Devotee of Frank Lloyd Wright". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  60. ^ "Usonian Architect". Time. January 17, 1938. Archived from the original on March 12, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2008.
  61. ^ "The Smithsonian Life List". Smithsonian. January 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2010.
  62. ^ "Fallingwater". Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  63. ^ "Travel Notes: Wright's Waterfall House Open for Tours". The Salt Lake Tribune. April 5, 1992. p. F5. ProQuest 288490308.
  64. ^ "AIA Reveals Public's Choice America's Best Architecture". The American Institute of Architects. February 9, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  65. ^ "NHLS Associated with Frank Lloyd Wright – National Historic Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service)".
  66. ^ "Ten Frank Lloyd Wright Buildings Nominated for UNESCO Distinction". Metropolis. May 17, 2022. Archived from the original on November 28, 2024. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  67. ^ Winston, Anna (February 3, 2015). "Frank Lloyd Wright buildings nominated for UNESCO World Heritage List". Dezeen. Archived from the original on July 2, 2024. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  68. ^ "The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  69. ^ Tareen, Sophia (July 8, 2019). "Guggenheim Museum Added to UNESCO World Heritage List". NBC New York. Archived from the original on July 8, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  70. ^ "The top houses from the movies". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on May 2, 2012.
  71. ^ "From the Stage: Michael Daugherty's Fallingwater – November 2013" Archived February 15, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  72. ^ "Chiastic Slide". The Designers Republic.
  73. ^ "The Rock". The Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  74. ^ Shusterman, Neal (November 22, 2016). Scythe. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781442472426.
  75. ^ "Filmed in Tucson: Miracle Valley Comes to Theaters Soon". Tucson Lifestyle. July 1, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2024; Ritman, Alex (October 1, 2021). "How 'The Room' Star Greg Sestero Channelled Tommy Wiseau for His Debut Feature 'Miracle Valley'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  76. ^ Jewell, Edward Alden (January 25, 1938). "Pictures Analyze 'Cantilever' House; Photos of Home Built Over a Waterfall Is Displayed at Modern Art Museum". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  77. ^ "Museum Opens Tribute To the Architect Today". The New York Times. April 10, 1959. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  78. ^ "Frank Lloyd Wright. Fallingwater, Edgar J. Kaufmann House, Mill Run, Pennsylvania. 1934–37 – MoMA". www.moma.org. Retrieved July 29, 2018.

Sources

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Further reading

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