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Hokuriku Shinkansen

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Hokuriku Shinkansen
JR East E7 series train set F19 on the Hokuriku Shinkansen
Overview
Native name北陸新幹線
StatusOperational
Owner JRTT
LocaleTokyo, Saitama, Gunma, Nagano, Niigata, Toyama, Ishikawa, and Fukui Prefectures
Termini
Stations24
Color on map
  •      JR East (#800080)
  •      JR West (#24197c)
Service
TypeHigh-speed rail (Shinkansen)
SystemShinkansen
ServicesKagayaki, Hakutaka, Tsurugi, Asama
Operator(s)Logo of the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) JR East (from Takasaki to Jōetsumyōkō)
Logo of the West Railway Company (JR West) JR West (from Jōetsumyōkō to Tsuruga)
Depot(s)Nagano, Hakusan
Rolling stockE7 series, W7 series
History
Opened1 October 1997; 27 years ago (1997-10-01)
Last extension16 March 2024; 9 months ago (2024-03-16), to Tsuruga
Technical
Line length470.6 km (292.4 mi)
Number of tracksDouble-track
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Minimum radius4,000 m (2.5 mi; 13,000 ft)
Electrification25 kV AC, 50/60 Hz (overhead line)
Operating speed260 km/h (162 mph), 275 km/h (171 mph) (Between Omiya and Takasaki Stations)
SignallingCab signalling
Train protection systemDS-ATC
Maximum incline3.0%
Route map
Hokuriku Shinkansen

The Hokuriku Shinkansen (Japanese: 北陸新幹線) is a high-speed Shinkansen railway line connecting Tokyo with Tsuruga in the Hokuriku region of Japan. It is jointly operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and West Japan Railway Company (JR West).

The first section, between Takasaki and Nagano in Nagano Prefecture, opened on 1 October 1997 in time for the 1998 Winter Olympics, and was originally called the Nagano Shinkansen (長野新幹線). The extension to Toyama in Toyama Prefecture and Kanazawa in Ishikawa Prefecture opened on 14 March 2015.[1] Construction of a further section onward to Fukui and Tsuruga in Fukui Prefecture, covering 125 kilometers and six stations, commenced in 2012 and opened on 16 March 2024.[2] The route of the final section to Shin-Osaka was decided on 20 December 2016 as the Osaka–Kyoto route,[3] with construction expected to begin in the late 2020s and take about 25 years, after impact assessment procedures for areas along the line are completed.[4]

Train names and service patterns

[edit]

Since March 2015, services on the line are split into four types, with train names as listed below.[5] Trains operate over the Joetsu and Tohoku Shinkansen tracks between Tokyo and Takasaki.

  •   Kagayaki: Tokyo–Tsuruga, limited-stop service, since 14 March 2015
  •   Hakutaka: Tokyo–Tsuruga, mostly all-stations service, since 14 March 2015
  •   Tsurugi: Toyama–Tsuruga, mostly all-stations shuttle service, since 14 March 2015
  •   Asama: Tokyo–Nagano, mostly all-stations service, corresponding to existing Nagano Shinkansen service introduced in 1997

The original Nagano Shinkansen Asama services, introduced in 1997, replaced the conventional Shin'etsu Main Line limited express services, also named Asama, which previously took 2 hours 50 minutes from Tokyo (Ueno Station) to Nagano. Following the opening of the Shinkansen, part of the conventional line was abandoned between Yokokawa and Karuizawa. This section included the steeply-graded Usui Pass which required the use of bank engines on all trains. Travel time between Tokyo and Tsuruga is 3 hours 8 minutes, 50 minutes shorter than using a conventional train between Kanazawa and Tsuruga.[6]

Stations

[edit]

Legend:

● All trains stop
▲ Some trains stop
｜ All trains pass
Line Station Japanese Distance from Takasaki (km) Location
Distance from Tokyo (km)
Kagayaki
Hakutaka
Asama
Tsurugi
Transfers
Tōhoku
Shinkansen 		Tokyo 東京 108.6 0.0 ● ● ●
Chiyoda Tokyo
Ueno 上野 105.0 3.6 ▲ ● ●
Taitō
Jōetsu
Shinkansen 		Ōmiya 大宮 77.3 31.3 ● ● ●
Ōmiya-ku, Saitama Saitama
Kumagaya 熊谷 40.7 67.9 ｜ ｜ ●
Kumagaya
Honjō-Waseda 本庄早稲田 19.6 89.0 ｜ ｜ ●
Honjō
Hokuriku
Shinkansen 		Takasaki 高崎 0.0 108.6 ｜ ● ●
Takasaki Gunma
Annaka-Haruna 安中榛名 18.5 127.1 ｜ ｜ ▲ Annaka
Karuizawa 軽井沢 41.8 150.4 ｜ ▲ ●
Karuizawa, Kitasaku Nagano
Sakudaira 佐久平 59.4 168.0 ｜ ▲ ●
Saku
Ueda 上田 84.2 192.8 ｜ ▲ ●
Ueda
Nagano 長野 117.4 226.0 ● ● ●
Nagano
Iiyama 飯山 147.3 255.9 ｜ ▲
Iiyama
Jōetsumyōkō 上越妙高 176.9 285.5 ｜ ●
Jōetsu Niigata
Itoigawa 糸魚川 213.9 322.5 ｜ ●
Itoigawa
Kurobe-Unazukionsen 黒部宇奈月温泉 253.1 361.7 ｜ ●
Kurobe Toyama
Toyama 富山 286.9 395.5 ● ● ●
Toyama
Shin-Takaoka 新高岡 305.8 414.4 ｜ ● ●
Takaoka
Kanazawa 金沢 345.5 454.1 ● ● ●
Kanazawa Ishikawa
Komatsu 小松 372.6 481.2 ▲ ● ▲
Komatsu
Kagaonsen 加賀温泉 387.1 495.7 ▲ ● ▲
Kaga
Awaraonsen 芦原温泉 403.5 512.0 ▲ ● ▲
Awara Fukui
Fukui 福井 421.5 530.0 ● ● ●
Fukui
Echizen-Takefu[7] 越前たけふ 440.5 549.0 ▲ ● ▲ Echizen
Tsuruga 敦賀 470.6 579.2 ● ● ●
Tsuruga
Environmental impact assessment is underway.[8]
Hokuriku
Shinkansen 		Higashi-Obama [Note 1] 東小浜 [Note 1][9]
Obama Fukui
Kyōto 京都
Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto Kyoto
Matsuiyamate [Note 1] 松井山手 [Note 1][9]
Kyōtanabe
Shin-Ōsaka 新大阪
Yodogawa-ku, Osaka Osaka
  1. ^ a b Although the official terminus of the Ryōmō Line is at Shin-Maebashi and that of the Agatsuma Line is at Shibukawa, trains on both lines run through to Takasaki.
  2. ^ Although the official terminus of the Iiyama Line is at Toyono, trains on the line run through to Nagano.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d This is a tentative name

As of 2024, the maximum line speed is 110 km/h (70 mph) between Tokyo and Ueno, 130 km/h (81 mph) between Ueno and Omiya,[10] 275 km/h (170 mph) between Omiya and Takasaki,[11] and 260 km/h (160 mph) between Takasaki and Tsuruga.[12]

Rolling stock

[edit]
E7 series set F19 on an Asama service in February 2021

With the start of Nagano Shinkansen services, trains were operated by a new fleet of JR East E2 series 8-car sets. A fleet of 17 new E7 series 12-car trainsets were phased in from March 2014, and these were augmented by a fleet of 10 JR West W7 series 12-car sets introduced from March 2015. The fleet of W7 series was purchased at a cost of ¥32.8 billion.[14] The remaining E2 series trainsets were withdrawn from Hokuriku Shinkansen services on 31 March 2017.[15]

In 2019, ten trains, eight from JR East with a book value of ¥11.8 billion and two from JR West, were damaged when a train yard in Nagano was flooded as the Chikuma River overflowed during typhoon Hagibis.[14][16] As a result, JR West suffered a loss of ¥3 billion (2019) (US$27.52 million).[16]

Former rolling stock

[edit]

The original E2 series 8-car "J" sets, primarily used on Tohoku Shinkansen services were also used on some Asama services until they were subsequently lengthened to 10 cars. One specially-modified 200 series set, numbered F80, was used on additional Asama services in February 1998 during the 1998 Winter Olympics held in Nagano. The train was modified to operate on both 25 kV AC 50 Hz and 60 Hz overhead power supplies, incorporated weight-saving measures to comply with the 16 tonne axle load restriction, and included additional control equipment to cope with the 30‰ gradient of the Nagano Shinkansen.[17] Its maximum speed was limited to 210 km/h (130 mph).[17] The last services operated using eight-car E2 series trainsets ran on 31 March 2017, from which date all Asama services were formed of E7 and W7 series trainsets.[18]

  • Nagano Shinkansen E2 series "N" set (Set N11) approaching Tokyo, June 2002
    Nagano Shinkansen E2 series "N" set (Set N11) approaching Tokyo, June 2002
  • Nagano Shinkansen E2 series "J" set (Set J6) approaching Karuizawa, February 1998
    Nagano Shinkansen E2 series "J" set (Set J6) approaching Karuizawa, February 1998
  • An E4 series set (Set P14)
    An E4 series set (Set P14)
  • Modified set F80 on a Nagano Shinkansen Asama service, February 1998
    Modified set F80 on a Nagano Shinkansen Asama service, February 1998

History

[edit]

Nagano Shinkansen

[edit]

The initial section between Takasaki and Nagano opened on 1 October 1997, in time for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano.

Between May 2012 and March 2014, station platforms on the Nagano Shinkansen had their platform roofs extended to handle the E7 series 12-car trains which entered service in March 2014 ahead of the March 2015 opening of the extension beyond Nagano.[19] The Hokuriku Shinkansen extension from Nagano to Kanazawa opened in March 2015.[19] The 113-km extension from Kanazawa to Tsuruga was approved for construction in June 2012.[20]

From the start of the revised timetable on 15 March 2014, E7 series trainsets were introduced on Asama services.[13] Initially used on seven return services daily, this number was increased to eleven return services daily from 19 April 2014.[13]

Naming

[edit]

The line's legal name has always been Hokuriku Shinkansen. However, just before the opening of the Nagano section, JR East has decided that using this name in passenger service is to be avoided. From March 22, 1997, until the extension of the Hokuriku Shinkansen to Kanazawa, the primary route for Hokuriku customers (from the Tokyo area) is to use the Joetsu Shinkansen to Echigo-Yuzawa Station, then transfer to Hakutaka via the Hokuetsu Express, rendering using the Takasaki–Nagano section of the Hokuriku Shinkansen meaningless for them. Therefore, JR East sought other names.[21]

On the other hand, local governments in Hokuriku, fearing construction west of Nagano may be halted, petitioned that the name "Hokuriku" should remain in use for operational purposes. [22]

JR East announced the following solution at July 25, 1997:[23]

  • Voice announcements using "Nagano Shinkansen"
  • Tokyo area stations using depictions with "Nagano-bound Shinkansen".
  • Stations between Annaka-Haruna Station and Nagano Station depicting "Shinkansen" only.

Soon, "Nagano-bound Shinkansen" fell out of use, and timetables by various publishers use "Nagano Shinkansen" only.[24] Construction to Kanazawa was officially decided, thereby reducing the opposition to the name.

Extension beyond Nagano

[edit]
Construction of the Hokuriku Shinkansen extension near Kanazawa Station in March 2008

Construction of the extension from Nagano to Kanazawa was completed on 24 May 2014.[25] When services commenced in March 2015, the travel time from Tokyo to Toyama was reduced to about 2 hours, with Kanazawa an additional 30 minutes away.[25] Final permission to start construction to Fukui was granted in December 2011, with modification works to Fukui Station already in progress for several years in anticipation of the extension.[26] The extension to Tsuruga was approved for construction on 30 June 2012,[27] and opened on 16 March 2024.[28] Beyond Jōetsumyōkō Station, the line is operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West) instead of East Japan Railway Company (JR East).[29]

Naming issue rises again

[edit]

Many people speculated about and discussed what the line's operational name should be after Nagano–Kanazawa section is completed.

Nagano economic associations argued a sudden change in name will confuse customers, propose "Nagano–Hokuriku Shinkansen" to be used.[30] In contrast government officials and economic associations in Hokuriku region defended the legal name, including statements such as "a just result should come after 3 prefectures striving for 40 years".[31][32][33]

Section west of Jōetsumyōkō belongs to JR West, which did not state an opinion and used "Hokuriku Shinkansen" only.[34]

On October 2, 2013, JR East announced formal line name will be Hokuriku Shinkansen (consistent with National Shinkansen Railway Development Act) and depicted as Hokuriku Shinkansen (via Nagano) to reflect its expansion into the region, resolving the naming issue.[35]

Test-running

[edit]

Test-running on the JR East section of the line between Nagano and Kurobe-Unazukionsen commenced on 1 December 2013, initially at low speeds using the "East i" test train.[36] From 6 December, test-running commenced using 10-car E2 series trainsets, with running speeds gradually increased to the full line speed of 260 km/h (160 mph).[36] Test-running continued until the end of March 2014.[36] Test-running on the entire line between Nagano and Kanazawa (Hakusan Depot) started on 1 August 2014, using the "East i" test train.[37] Test-running using W7 series trains commenced on 5 August 2014, initially at low speed, on the JR West section between Kanazawa and Jōetsumyōkō.[38]

Tsuruga extension

[edit]

In the months preceding the opening, JR West conducted various low speed runs on the new Kanazawa-Tsuruga section using "East i" test trains on 23 September 2023.[39] Runs using regular W7 series trainsets started on 26 September.[39] Regular passenger service began on 16 March 2024, with ceremonies at both Tsuruga and Tōkyō from the respective presidents of JR West and JR East.[40] The extension cost ¥1.67 trillion (US$15.22 billion) to build.[41]

In accordance with the opening of the extension, the limited express service Thunderbird ended its service between Tsuruga and Kanazawa on 15 March 2024.[42]

Future plans

[edit]
Construction of the Hokuriku Shinkansen near Fukui Station in August 2007
Map of Shinkansen service in the Chūbu and Kantō regions

The route of the final section from Tsuruga to Ōsaka was finalized on 20 December 2016 as the Obama–Kyoto route.[3] JRTT proposed three possible stations in Kyoto at an August 8, 2024 meeting.[43] Two options include a new station underground near Kyoto Station. The third option is a newly constructed station near Katsuragawa Station, also underground. The route extension is estimated to cost up to 5.3 trillion yen and require up to 28 years to complete construction.[44]

Including the Obama-Kyoto route, the following four options were under consideration before the December 2016 announcement,[45] with a fifth unofficial option suggested by a local politician.[46]

  1. Maibara Route (米原ルート): This involved building a full standard shinkansen track to Maibara Station. The proposal was one third of the length of the Obama Route, and provided good access to both Kyoto and Nagoya. However, a severe drawback was that it would have resulted in longer travel time to Osaka than the other options and trains would have had to use the existing, already heavily congested Tokaido Shinkansen tracks between Maibara and Shin-Osaka.
  2. Kosei Route (湖西ルート): This involved no new track construction; instead, this proposal would have upgraded the Kosei Line to Kyōto, either by regauging or dual-gauging the line to support Mini-Shinkansen, or alternatively utilizing Gauge Change Train (GCT) operations. This was the cheapest option, but meant train speeds would likely be limited to a maximum of 160 km/h (100 mph) and hence travel times would have been longer than the other options.
  3. Obama Route (小浜ルート): First proposed in 1973,[45] this route involved building a full standard shinkansen track via Obama and Kameoka. It was the shortest route to Osaka, but also the most expensive (approximately 1 trillion yen), and would have bypassed Kyōto.
  4. Obama–Kyoto Route (小浜・京都ルート): This, the now selected route, was first made public in August 2015, and involves following the proposed Obama Route west as far as Obama and then building shinkansen track southward to link with the Tokaido Shinkansen at Kyōto. Including Kyoto on the route is seen as important to increase tourism.[45]
  5. Maizuru Route (舞鶴ルート): Kyoto politician, Shoji Nishida's proposal from Tsuruga, via Obama, to Maizuru then south-east to Kyoto City, southern Osaka City, and Kansai International Airport.[46] This option did not have a price estimated, but would have likely been the most expensive due to the scale of the proposal. Its case was to provide development to the Maizuru region as per the Japanese national government's policy, with the Maizuru Maritime Self-Defence Force Base and several nuclear power stations put forward as reasonable traffic generators. The option to extend the line south of Kyoto to a new Osaka station (Tennōji, located in the south east of Osaka City) was seen as a means to avoid the congestion of the Tokaido line. It may have served as an alternative route or terminus to Shin-Osaka station for Tokaido line trains, reducing Tokaido line congestion.

A government committee deliberating the proposals decided in April 2016 to narrow the proposed route to three alignments between Tsuruga and Kyōto and two alignments between Kyoto and Shin-Ōsaka (a northern route through Minoh and a southern route through the Kansai Science City). On 6 March 2017 the government committee announced the chosen route from Kyoto to Shin-Osaka is to be via Kyotanabe, with a station at Matsuiyamate on the Katamachi Line.[47][48] There are also requests from Kyoto City and Kyoto Prefecture, local governments along the route, to further extend the line to Kansai Airport.[49][50]

Interim plans

[edit]

In an attempt to extend the benefits of the Hokuriku Shinkansen to stations west of Tsuruga before the section to Shin-Osaka is completed, JR West was working in partnership with Talgo on the development of a Gauge Change Train (GCT), which was proposed to be capable of operating under both the 25 kV AC electrification used on the Shinkansen and the 1.5 kV DC system employed on conventional lines. The six-car train was due to start trials on the Hokuriku Shinkansen and the 1067 mm-gauge Hokuriku and Kosei lines in 2017. As part of the project JR West had begun trials with a purpose-built 180 m-long gauge-changer at Tsuruga.[51] However, as a result of the abandonment of the proposed use of a GCT on the West Kyushu Shinkansen to Nagasaki by JR Kyushu, in August 2018 JR West announced that the proposed GCT between Tsuruga and Osaka had been abandoned.[52]

Conventional lines running parallel to the Hokuriku Shinkansen

[edit]

With the opening of the initial Nagano Shinkansen section in October 1997, the section of the conventional (narrow gauge) Shinetsu Main Line running along approximately the same route between Karuizawa and Shinonoi was transferred from the control of JR East to a newly established third-sector railway operating company, Shinano Railway, becoming the Shinano Railway Line.

With the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen extension north of Nagano on 14 March 2015, the conventional lines running along approximately the same route were transferred from the control of their respective JR owning companies to newly established third-sector railway operating companies funded primarily by the prefectural and municipal governments through which the lines pass. A total of 252.2 km (156.7 mi) of route between Nagano and Kanazawa was transferred to four separate operating companies, including 75.0 km (46.6 mi) of the Shinetsu Main Line between Nagano and Naoetsu, and 177.2 km (110.1 mi) of the Hokuriku Main Line between Naoetsu and Kanazawa.[53] Details of the five third-sector operating companies and their respective lines are as shown below.[53]

In 2019, it was decided that the section of the Hokuriku Main Line between Tsuruga and Fukui would be transferred to third-sector railway operating companies.[54] Three years later in 2022, it was determined that the section would be split among two operators. The IR Ishikawa Railway would extend their operations from Kanazawa to Daishoji,[55] while a new company, Hapi-Line Fukui,[56] established during the preparation phase, would take over the section between Daishoji and Tsuruga. Hapi-Line Fukui is expected to overtake the 84.3 km (52.4 mi) section of the Hokuriku Main Line effective the 16 March 2024 timetable revision.[57]

Former line name Former operating company Date transferred Section Length (km) New line name Operating company Prefecture
Shinetsu Main Line JR East 1 October 1997 Karuizawa–Shinonoi 65.1 Shinano Railway Line Shinano Railway Nagano
14 March 2015 Nagano–Myōkō-Kōgen 37.3 Shinano Railway Kita-Shinano Line
Myōkō-Kōgen–Naoetsu 37.7 Myōkō Haneuma Line Echigo Tokimeki Railway Niigata
Hokuriku Main Line JR West Naoetsu–Ichiburi 59.3 Nihonkai Hisui Line
Ichiburi–Kurikara 100.1 Ainokaze Toyama Railway Line Ainokaze Toyama Railway Toyama
Kurikara–Kanazawa 17.8 IR Ishikawa Railway Line IR Ishikawa Railway Ishikawa
16 March 2024[2] Kanazawa–Daishōji 46.4
Daishōji–Tsuruga 84.3 Hapi-Line Fukui Line Hapi-Line Fukui Fukui

References

[edit]
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