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Bradley Stoke

Coordinates: 51°31′45″N 2°32′44″W / 51.5293°N 2.5456°W / 51.5293; -2.5456
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Bradley Stoke
Willow Brook Centre, the town centre
Bradley Stoke is located in Gloucestershire
Bradley Stoke
Bradley Stoke
Location within Gloucestershire
Population20,690 (2021 Census)[1]
OS grid referenceST621813
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townBRISTOL
Postcode districtBS32
Dialling code0117 and 01454
PoliceAvon and Somerset
FireAvon
AmbulanceSouth Western
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Gloucestershire
51°31′45″N 2°32′44″W / 51.5293°N 2.5456°W / 51.5293; -2.5456

Bradley Stoke is a town and civil parish in South Gloucestershire, England, situated 6 miles (10 kilometres) north-northeast of Bristol city centre.[2] The town is the northernmost part of the Bristol built-up area.[3]

Planned in the 1970s, building works began in 1987. Bradley Stoke was Europe's largest new town built with private investment. It is named after two local streams, the Bradley Brook and Stoke Brook.

Bradley Stoke is part of the North Fringe of Bristol, an extensive area of housing and employment developed during the late 20th and early 21st centuries.[4] It is bordered by Patchway to the west and Stoke Gifford to the south, but unlike these neighbours, Bradley Stoke has fewer major employers and is primarily a residential suburb, being 40% detached housing.[3] The M5 and M4 motorways form its northern and eastern boundaries, beyond which is the Avon Green Belt.[3]

History

[edit]

The area that is now Bradley Stoke was once farmland north of the village of Stoke Gifford near Bristol city. The land was divided amongst the civil parishes of Stoke Gifford, Almondsbury, Patchway and Winterbourne. The area consisted of a number of farms, Bailey's Court and Watch Elm Farm in the south, Bowsland Farm and Manor Farm in the north and Webb's Farm in the middle. Some of the lands were used as pasture. A number of woods also existed, Sherbourne's Brake, Webb's Wood and the large Savage's Wood have all been preserved. Fiddlers Wood, the name of which lives on in Fiddlers Wood Lane was all but obliterated by the M4 motorway. Baileys Court Farmhouse is the only original building that still remains and was used as offices by the town's developers before becoming the Bailey's Court Inn. Watch Elm Farm was named after the Watch Elm, an elm of a legendary size that blew down in the mid 18th century.[5] The Stoke Brook flows through the middle of Bradley Stoke.

During its development, the new settlement faced some problems in the wake of a national recession. At the time, Bradley Stoke was reputed to be one of Europe's largest private housing developments and did struggle to develop at first to establish itself as an identifiable town unlike other earlier new towns which were supported by a New Town Development Corporation, as the settlement relied principally on private investment within a restricted statutory framework of the local authority Northavon District Council within the Avon County Council area. A combination of private housebuilders led the development and with only limited input from commercial businesses and the consequent recession resulted in the new town gaining a reputation for being a soulless housing estate with only limited facilities and no town centre, with the exception of a Tesco supermarket. High-interest rates during the early 1990s soon led to the collapse of the property market in the area with many new homes falling into negative equity. This led to the branding of the new town as 'Sadly Broke'[6] until property values and the development market began to recover. Since 1987, the residents of the area were demanding the establishment of a separate Town Council to coordinate the community's civic life and in 1991 formation of the Town Council was in principle approved. On the 1st of April 1992, the newly elected Town Council took charge.

Governance

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Bradley Stoke has a local town council, is part of the South Gloucestershire unitary authority, and is in the West of England Combined Authority (WECA) region.

On South Gloucestershire Council, the town is represented by seven Councillors elected from three electoral wards, namely Bradley Stoke North, Bradley Stoke South and Stoke Gifford (Stoke Brook).

Bradley Stoke is part of the Filton and Bradley Stoke parliamentary constituency.[7]

Historically, the area was part of Gloucestershire County. From 1974 until 1996, Bradley Stoke was part of the Northavon district of Avon county.

Town Council

[edit]

Bradley Stoke has a Town Council made up of 15 Councillors elected from five wards. The Town Council is chaired by the Town Mayor and assisted by a Deputy Mayor, with four standing committees for Finance, Planning and Environment, Leisure, Youth and Amenities, and Staffing.[8]

Membership of the town council after the May 2023 election:[9]
Name Ward Party
David Addison Woodlands Labour
Aleena Aditya Primrose Bridge Conservative
Tom Aditya Willowbrook Conservative
Roger Avenin Webbs Wood Conservative
John Bradbury Webbs Wood Labour
Frederic Contenot Woodlands Conservative
Terri Cullen Woodlands Conservative
Natalie Field (Mayor / Chair) Woodlands Labour
Jenny James Stoke Brook Labour
Dayley Lawrence (Deputy Mayor/ Vice Chair) Willowbrook Labour
Sue Bandcroft (Elected in By election on 18 July) Willowbrook Labour
James Nelson Primrose Bridge Green
Ben Randles Webbs Wood Conservative
Kulwinder Singh Sappal Primrose Bridge Labour
Jon Williams Stoke Brook Liberal Democrat

Facilities

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Many of the facilities in the town were to be funded by the housing developers from housing sales, via 'Section 106' planning agreements. When house building and sales slowed for a time in the late 80s, there was a significant slowdown in facility completion. This included the late provision of the road joining the north and south sides of the town, and also the completion of the doctors' surgery.

The new town centre 'Willow Brook' was named by an anonymous resident as part of a competition run by Bradley Stoke Town Council in partnership with Tesco.[10] The centre is situated on the original Tesco supermarket site, and the redevelopment was approved by South Gloucestershire Council on 13 November 2006.[11]

Council

[edit]

The Bradley Stoke Town Council operates three activity centres located at The Bradley Stoke Jubilee Centre on Savages Wood Road, Baileys Court Activity Centre on Baileys Court Road and Brook Way Activity Centre on Brook Way.[12] Each activity centre offers rooms and facilities to hire, and the provision of sports activities such as bowls, football pitches and hardball courts.

Housing

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There are over 9000 residential homes in the Bradley Stoke area. 1,600 properties or nearly 18% of properties are registered for social housing.[13]

Bradley Stoke North

[edit]

To the north of the town (often referred to as Bradley Stoke North—because building in the town was originally in two locations, north and south, eventually working towards the centre: for many years the two sites were separated by an expanse of green fields) there are a number of other facilities on Pear Tree Road.

Bradley Stoke Leisure Centre and library

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Bradley Stoke Leisure Centre and library.

The Active leisure centre near the town centre provides access to a 25m swimming pool and a public library.[14] Additional services at the leisure centre include a gym, beauty salon, Soho Coffee and a skate park. The leisure centre and library are host to many in house and local activity groups.

In 2018, as part of renovations reducing the size of the sports hall, a small climbing centre was installed.

The Soho coffee shop was established in June 2013[15] and was renovated in 2017.

Bradley Stoke South

[edit]

The south of Bradley Stoke (referred to as Bradley Stoke South) has a number of facilities in Bailey's Court.

Employment

[edit]

Employment opportunities are found along Great Stoke Way to the south, Woodlands Business Park and Almondsbury Business Park to the north, and at the Aztec West development. The town is served by the nearby Bristol Parkway railway station in Stoke Gifford and is a short distance from the Ministry of Defence, the Aviva Centre and the Abbeywood Retail Park. Situated in the surrounding business parks are companies including RAC, Paragon, DHL, Greencore, Pukka Herbs, EE, GE Capital, HSS Hire, Zuken Technology Centre, and various hotels, production factories, courier services, warehouses and offices.[citation needed]

The further developments of the Willow Brook Centre and the addition of larger high street chains have increased the number of jobs available for local residents as well as boosted trade within Bradley Stoke.[citation needed] Businesses continue to be interested in the further development of the town centre, such as the planning application to build drive-through commercial units adjacent to Bradley Stoke Way.[citation needed]

Bradley Stoke attracts custom through passing trade from those exiting and joining the motorways and commuting,[citation needed] however since the expansion of the Willow Brook Centre both business owners and potential employees are attracted to the area.[citation needed] Despite the available employment opportunities, many residents commute from Bradley Stoke to central Bristol, The Mall in Cribbs Causeway or via the nearby motorway junction for work.[citation needed]

Education

[edit]

The town has seven primary schools:

  • Saint Marys Catholic Primary School
  • Bailey's Court Primary School
  • Wheatfield Primary School
  • Meadowbrook Primary School
  • Holy Trinity Primary School
  • Bowsland Green Primary School
  • Bradley Stoke Community Primary School

The town has a comprehensive secondary school, Bradley Stoke Community School, which opened in September 2005 with capacity for 1,120 students.[16] A post-16 centre at the school was completed in Summer 2010,[17] and a primary school extension was completed in 2015.[18]

Transport

[edit]

Bradley Stoke is served by Bristol Parkway railway station to the south and Patchway railway station to the west, both operated by Great Western Railway.

Bus services are operated by First West of England and Stagecoach West offering transport links to Aztec West, Thornbury, Cribbs Causeway, Bristol Parkway railway Station, Bristol city centre and the University of the West of England, Bristol. A new MetroBus[19] service was introduced by Bristol Community Transport[20] under contract by FirstGroup.

Bradley Stoke borders the M5 to the north, the M4 to the east and the M32 to the south. Main transport routes are via Aztec West and via the Stoke Gifford bypass to the south.

Community

[edit]

The Bradley Stoke Community Festival has been running since 2004 and is held over a weekend in June. The festival hosts a variety of activities and events primarily aimed at young children and families involving live music, performances, sports and games.[21]

A Bradley Stoke Community Carnival event took place in 2014, 2015 and 2017. The carnival hosted stilt walkers, a brass band, performers dressed in costumes, competitions and prizes and live music.[22]

Similarly to the Bradley Stoke Community Festival, Wheatfest is an annual event hosted by a local group Friends of Wheatfield Primary School. The event on the grounds of Wheatfield Primary School is primarily aimed at young children and families. The 2019 event raised over £6000.

The Willow Brook Centre provides a summer beach in the town centre. Primarily aimed at young children and families, the Centre features a 38-tonne sandpit, dozens of deck chairs, and suspended decorations.[23]

The Town Council operates an annual fireworks display in early November to celebrate Guy Fawkes Night, in 2018 raising over £2000 in support of West of England MS Therapy Centre and the Stroke Association.[24]

Since 2016, the Willow Brook Centre has hosted the annual Stars of the Stokes Awards to recognise the local heroes in our community featuring special guest celebrities. Awards are issued to a champion carer, a parent in a million, coach of the year, high achievement, a young person of the year and teacher of the year.[23]

Each year the town is adorned with lights to celebrate Christmas. Along with an annual Christmas tree and decorations in the town centre, courtesy of the Willow Brook Centre, one property in Elm Close raises funds each year for St Peters Hospice by decorating their home in 30,000 lights. In 2018, over £3000 was raised.[25]

Remembrance Service and War Memorial

[edit]

A War Memorial was created in 2014 by the 1st Bradley Stoke Scout group & the Willow Brook Centre. It is located in the main town square and is a generic memorial dedicated to “all members of our Armed Forces (and civilians who support them) who have died or suffered due to conflict.” It is a simple grey granite pillar with a poppy design at the top & an inscription in the middle (as voted for by nearly 250 local residents) – 'At the going down of the sun and in the morning we will remember them'. There is a Scout Memorial badge (the scout arrowhead surrounded by olive branches & the inscription 'Lest we forget') at the base of the pillar. The memorial was designed and crafted by local Master Mason Alwyn Leek from Bristol and West Memorials. It was created because the town of Bradley Stoke is relatively new (major construction began only in the 1980s) and therefore had no traditional memorial. The aim was to create a focal point to hold Remembrance ceremonies for future generations with special involvement from the young people of the town. On 2 August 2014, this memorial was officially dedicated by Dame Janet Trotter, DBE, Lord Lieutenant for Gloucestershire. The dedication ceremony was also a commemoration of the Centenary of the First World War and it was attended by members of the 1st Bradley Stoke Scout Group, Royal British Legion, St John's Ambulance Cadets, 1st Bradley Stoke Rainbows, 2nd Patchway Scout Group and Police Cadets. A parade marched from the Jubilee Centre to the town square at the Willow Brook Centre, led by the band of the City of Bristol Pipes and Drums. At the end of the ceremony, the young people present were invited to help light the 100 candles around the memorial to mark the Centenary. The central candle was the official Royal British Legion candle for their 'Lights Out' campaign. The inaugural Bradley Stoke Remembrance Sunday Ceremony was held on the 9th of November 2014, attended by many local uniformed youth groups and approximately 300 members of the public.

Since the creation of the war memorial, an annual Remembrance parade and ceremony is held at the Willowbrook Centre, attended by the Town Mayor, 1st Bradley Stoke Scouts, Trident Explorer Unit, 1st Little Stoke Scout Group, 1st Stokeway Rainbows, 1st Bradley Stoke Rainbows, Brownies and Guides, 2nd Bradley Stoke Brownies, 2nd Stoke Lodge Brownies, a representative from the town council, and the local church vicar.

Woodland

[edit]
Three Brooks Lake, part of the Frome Valley Relief Sewer adjacent to the M4 motorway.

The Woodland area of Bradley Stoke is named Three Brooks Local Nature Reserve, an area of approximately 44 hectares (110 acres)[26] that includes bluebell woods, rough grassland, brooks, ponds, and the man-made Three Brooks Lake. The lake, part of the Frome Valley Relief Sewer,[27] is home to many common species of waterfowl including nesting swans. There are also a number of other walks and paths surrounded by small wooded areas connecting various parts of Bradley Stoke. Wild fruit can be found throughout the woodland, namely blackberries, apples, plums and cherries. A community orchard grows in the heart of the woodland.

The local Stokes Art Group (SAG) and the Three Brooks Nature Conservation Group (TBNCG) teamed up for an art project to personify the God of Three Brooks Nature Reserve. The God was named Trolletheus, named after two rusted supermarket trolleys dredged from the man-made lake.[28]

Regular woodland walks and foraging groups are conducted in the local woodland hosted by the Three Brooks Conservation Group. In May 2019, the Three Brooks Nature Conservation Group were awarded a grant of £25,000 from Enovert Community Trust to improve accessibility to the woodland through renovations to walkways.[29]

Sport

[edit]

The Bradley Stoke Bowls Club opened in 2010 at the Baileys Court Activity Centre.

Bradley Stoke Cricket Club formed in September 1990 and became the founder users of the pavilion in Baileys Court Road under the management of the Bradley Stoke Town Council (now part of the Baileys Court Activity Centre). The club joined the Bristol and District Cricket Association (B&D) in 1991, played its first game in 1992, won the Tony Hitch T/20 Trophy in 2019, and was promoted to the West of England Premier League in 2021.

The town's local football teams are Bradley Stoke Town FC and Bradley Stoke Youth FC.

There is a well-lit modern concrete skate park located at the Bradley Stoke Active Leisure Centre, under the ownership and supervision of the Bradley Stoke Town Council.[30]

The town hosts a 10  km running event, with locals competing against each other to run a course across the length of the town.[31]

Tennis

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Tennis lessons, games and events are played at the Jubilee Centre on Savages Wood Road.

Martial arts

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Numerous Martial arts and fitness clubs provide classes within the town teaching Judo, Taekwondo, Bushido, Kung-fu and kickboxing.

Media

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Printed

[edit]

Bradley Stoke's news and media publications include Bradley Stoke Matters and The Bradley Stoke Journal.

Bradley Stoke Matters is a free community magazine and website which started up in 2005, following local news and events. The free magazine is delivered quarterly to every home in Bradley Stoke.[32]

The Bradley Stoke Journal is a free interactive community news website since 2007, following local news and events. From 2013 the free magazine was delivered monthly to every home in Bradley Stoke.[33] The magazine ceased printed publication in May 2022, but the website and social media channels continued.[34]

Radio

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Bradley Stoke Radio, the local community radio station, broadcasts over the internet via webcasts and on 103.4  MHz FM. Live broadcasts are regularly held during local community events, in Willow Brook Shopping Centre's town square, and at local festivals, featuring live singers and commentary directly from the events.[35]

Bradley Stoke receives BBC Radio Bristol on 94.9 MHz FM, Heart West on 96.3 MHz FM and Greatest Hits Radio Bristol & The South West on 107.2 MHz FM.

Television

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Bradley Stoke is covered by and has featured on the local television channel Bristol TV, formerly known as Made in Bristol TV.

The regional television services are BBC West and ITV West Country.

Crime

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Bradley Stoke is served by Avon and Somerset Constabulary. Bradley Stoke Town Council funds a dedicated police officer for the town. There is a local police beat surgery office located in the Willow Brook Centre[36] Avon and Somerset Constabulary were criticised in early 2019 for having no active Police Community Support Officers (PCSO).[37] A police presence has since been reinstated.

Bradley Stoke benefits from a low crime rate compared to other areas of Bristol. However, in 2018, the crime rate reached its highest level for 5 years with over 100 crimes reported in the month of June.[38] The supermarket, leisure centre, petrol filling station and nearby pub were hotspots for the most frequent crimes[39] Incidents involving arson,[40][41] threats towards children and multiple counts of indecent exposure were reported in the area.[42]

Numerous acts of vandalism were reported around the Three Brooks Nature Reserve over the May Bank Holiday weekend in 2019. Incidents included two counts of theft, destruction of wildlife housing, damage to the Three Brooks Local Nature Reserve signage and installations. An incident that occurred involving a community project to decorate roundabouts involved intoxicated individuals stealing an ornamental animal. The animal was returned but later damaged in a separate incident involving a car driving over the roundabout.[43]

The Avon and Somerset police crime statistics record that between May 2018 and April 2019 at least 900 crimes were reported[44] in the Bradley Stoke area. The crimes included 230 reports of anti-social behaviour (25.56%) and 256 reports of violence and sexual offences (28.44%). Other offences included bicycle theft, burglary, criminal damage and arson, drugs offences, possession of weapons, public order offences, robbery, shoplifting and vehicle crime.

Twin cities

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Bradley Stoke is twinned with Champs-sur-Marne, France[45][46] located in the Paris suburbs.

References

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  1. ^ "Bradley Stoke". City population. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  2. ^ OS Explorer Map, Bristol and Bath, Keynsham & Marshfield. Scale: 1:25 000.Publisher: Ordnance Survey B4 edition (2013). ISBN 978 0319239773
  3. ^ a b c "South Gloucestershire Core Strategy - Community Profiles" (PDF). South Gloucestershire Council. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  4. ^ "South Gloucestershire Suburban Continuation Study". Nash Partnership.
  5. ^ "History of Bradley Stoke". Three Brooks. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  6. ^ "BBC NEWS – the UK – England – Bristol/Somerset – 'Sadly Broke' celebrates 20 years". 3 January 2007. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  7. ^ "Election 2017 dashboard". Democratic Dashboard. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  8. ^ "Bradley Stoke Town Council". Bradley Stoke Town Council. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  9. ^ "Council Members - May 2023". Bradley Stoke Town Council. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  10. ^ "New Town Centre Is Named". Bradley Stoke Examiner. Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
  11. ^ "New Town Centre". Bradley Stoke Journal. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  12. ^ "Hire of Activity Centres". Bradley Stoke Council. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  13. ^ "Social Housing BRADLEY STOKE". uksocialhousing.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  14. ^ "Bradley Stoke". Active Centres. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  15. ^ "New leisure centre café officially opened". Bradley Stoke Journal. 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
  16. ^ "Bradley Stoke Community School Information". Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
  17. ^ "Bradley Stoke Community School Inspection Report 2013". Ofsted. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  18. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^ "an express bus service for Bristol – Metrobus Bristol". metrobus. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  20. ^ "Bristol Community Transport – Bristol Community Transport for minibus hire, community cars and more". bristolcommunitytransport.org.uk. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  21. ^ "Bradley Stoke Community Festival". www.bradleystoke.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  22. ^ "Bradley Stoke Carnival". www.bradleystoke.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  23. ^ a b "Home". Willowbrook Shopping Centre. Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  24. ^ "Fireworks Display 2018 Report". www.bradleystoke.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  25. ^ "Bradley Stoke charity lights are "biggest and best ever seen"". 3 December 2018. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  26. ^ "Three Brooks local nature reserve". South Gloucestershire Council. 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  27. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  28. ^ "Art group gives 'God of the Three Brooks' a face". 30 March 2019. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  29. ^ "Three Brooks nature reserve receives £25,000 grant for accessibility improvements". Bradley Stoke Journal. 30 May 2019. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  30. ^ "Skatepark | Bradley Stoke Town Council". www.bradleystoke.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  31. ^ "Bradley Stoke 10k Run". Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  32. ^ "BRADLEY STOKE MATTERS – The Community Website and Magazine for Bradley Stoke, Bristol". Bradley Stoke Matters. Archived from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  33. ^ "Bradley Stoke Journal – Magazine and Website". Bradley Stoke Journal. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  34. ^ "Bradley Stoke Journal magazine enters retirement". Bradley Stoke Journal. 15 May 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  35. ^ "Bradley Stoke Radio Ltd – Community Radio at its Best". Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  36. ^ "Bradley Stoke Community Policing Team". Bradley Stoke Town Council. Archived from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  37. ^ "New year starts without a single PCSO in the Stokes". 12 February 2019.
  38. ^ "Bradley Stoke crime rate hit highest level for five years in June". 13 September 2018.
  39. ^ "Bradley Stoke, Gloucestershire, BS32 8EF, England | 114 Crime in June 2020". Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  40. ^ "Appeal for information following Ellicks Close fire". 21 August 2017. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  41. ^ "Council vehicle destroyed in suspected arson attack at Baileys Court". 23 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  42. ^ "Police issue alert and appeal after THREE incidents of indecent exposure". 21 December 2018.
  43. ^ "Dismay at Manor Farm Roundabout vandalism". 12 June 2019. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  44. ^ "Detailed statistics for Bradley Stoke, Avon and Somerset Constabulary - Police.uk". Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  45. ^ Champs sur Marne#Twin towns
  46. ^ "Présentation de la ville de Champs-sur-Marne". Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
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