Jump to content

Non-monogamy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Poly relationships)
For other uses, see Non-mono (disambiguation).
Part of a series on
Non-monogamy
and polyamory
Relationships
Sexual practices
Terms and values
Related topics

Relationships
(Outline)
Types
Genetic or adoptive
By marriage
Partner(s)
Intimate and sexual
Activities
Endings
Emotions and feelings
Practices
Abuse
Depiction of many types of non-monogamy and how they overlap

Non-monogamy (or nonmonogamy) is an umbrella term that describes a relationship arrangement where one or more partners are not sexually and/or romantically exclusive to each other.[1] Monogamy and non-monogamy are not strictly binary categories, but rather exist on a continuum encompassing various degrees of exclusivity and openness - at one end of this continuum lie strictly monogamous relationships, while at the other end are openly non-exclusive arrangements with numerous nuanced forms of varying degrees of openness in between.[2][3][4][5] Non-monogamous relationships have been practiced across cultures and throughout history, reflecting diverse social norms, legal frameworks, and personal preferences.[6][7][8]

In contemporary discourse, non-monogamy is understood to encompass a variety of practices, ranging from culturally institutionalised arrangements like polygamy to consensual agreements such as open relationships and polyamory, as well as non-consensual forms like infidelity.

Major Forms of Non-Monogamy

[edit]

In the Western world, from a legal perspective, marrying more than one person is not permitted, as the law recognises only monogamous marriage—a union between two individuals.[9][10] However, in many other regions, particularly Muslim-majority countries, polygamy is legally recognized and culturally normalized.[11] Another key characteristic that distinguishes different forms of nonmonogamous relationships is whether they are practiced with the knowledge and consent of all involved parties. These distinctions allow non-monogamy to be broadly categorised into three major forms:

  • Culturally institutionalised non-monogamy refers to legally and culturally sanctioned practices of non-exclusive relationships that are formalised, regulated, and embedded within specific cultural traditions. The most prominent example is polygamy, which includes polygyny (when a man has more than one wife at the same time), and, less commonly, polyandry (when a woman has more than one husband), and polygynandry (a group marriage when more than one husband is married to more than one wife).[12][13] Other culturally embedded practices, such as temporary marriages (e.g., Nikah Mut'ah in Shia Islam), may also fall under this category.[14]  
  • Consensual non-monogamy (CNM), also known as ethical non-monogamy (ENM), refers to a relationship that explicitly allows for extra-dyadic romantic or sexual relationships.[15][16] Consensual non-monogamy can take many different forms, depending on the needs and preferences of the individuals involved in specific relationships. The most studied and prevalent forms of consensual non-monogamy are swinging, polyamory, and open relationships.[17][18] In a swinging relationship a couple tend to engage in sexual activities with people other than their primary partner, typically at a party or in another social settings.[19] Polyamorous relationships are those in which people experience both sexual and emotional relationships with multiple partners concurrently, placing emphasis on a romantic and emotional aspects of the relationship, rather than on strictly sexual.[19][20] An open relationship is a relationship arrangement in which one or both partners seek sexual relationships independently of each other.[19] Some authors suggest the concept of relationship anarchy, which describes intimate relationships characterised by principles aligned with anarchism, that include autonomy, the rejection of hierarchies, the absence of state intervention, rejection of societal norms, and a focus on community interdependence.[21] Unlike culturally institutionalised non-monogamy, CNM typically exists outside legal frameworks, as it does not involve formal marriage to multiple partners, but relies on mutual consent.
  • Non-consensual non-monogamy (NCNM), commonly known as infidelity or cheating, refers to a situation in which one or both partners in a committed relationship engage in secret extra-dyadic sexual or romantic relationships with one or more additional partners, without the knowledge or consent of the other partner/s.[22][23]

It is important to note that the above-described categories are not mutually exclusive or collectively exhaustive as individual experiences often diverge from standard definitions due to the intricate nuances inherent in the complexity of human sexual relationships.[19][24] The fluid and complex nature of human sexual and romantic relationships allows for diverse expressions that may not fit neatly into a single category, with subtle nuances often blurring the boundaries between these forms.[25][26][1]

Prevalence

[edit]

Non-monogamy is practiced globally, but its prevalence varies significantly depending on cultural, legal, and societal factors.

  • Culturally Institutionalised Non-Monogamy. Polygamy is permitted in many Muslim-majority countries and is most often found in sub-Saharan Africa, where 11% of the population lives in arrangements that include more than one spouse.[27] In some countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran and Qatar polygamy is a common practice regulated by a Family Law and in other countries like Pakistan, Egypt and Morocco, Indonesia and Malaysia polygamy is allowed only under strict conditions like first wife’s disability or infertility.[28] Reliable statistics on the prevalence of polygamous marriages in Gulf countries and Sub-Saharan Africa are limited. Existing evidence suggests that while Islamic law permits polygamy in some regions, its actual practice is relatively uncommon and varies widely by country. For instance, the 2017–18 Jordan Population and Family Health Survey found that approximately 4% of married women reported their husband had other wives, being most common among women with no education (13%).[29] In contrast, the 2017 Senegal DHS reported that 32% of married women were in polygynous unions, demonstrating that rates can differ significantly across regions.[30]
  • Consensual non-monogamy. Studies suggest that CNM arrangements, such as open relationships and polyamory, are becoming increasingly visible in Western societies. It is estimated that up to 5% of Americans,[31] 2.5% of Canadians,[32] around 3% of Norwegians,[33] and 3.3% of Dutch and Flemish[34] are engaged in consensual non-monogamy at an any given time and around a quarter of the Americans, Canadians, Norwegians, and Dutch and Flemish at least once have engaged in a consensually non-monogamous relationship in their lifetime.[32][35][33][34] In two surveys in 2013 and 2014, one fifth of surveyed single United States adults had, at some point in their lives, engaged in consensual non-monogamy.[36] In 2020 a YouGov poll reported that about one-third of US adults believe that "their ideal relationship is non-monogamous to some degree."[37]
  • Non-consensual non-monogamy (NCNM). Measuring the prevalence of infidelity presents significant methodological challenges, as estimates vary depending on the research design, sample population, and the definition of adultery used by the researchers. Studies differ in whether they categorize infidelity as sexual, emotional, or both, and they rely on respondents’ subjective interpretations of what behaviors qualify as unfaithful – ranging from sexual intercourse to kissing, or even online interactions like cybersex. Additionally, infidelity is often underreported due to associated guilt and shame, leading to potential biases in self-reported data.[38][39] Typically, studies report infidelity rates in the range from 26% to 75%.[40]

Terminology

[edit]

Many terms for non-monogamous practices are vague, being based on criteria such as "relationship" or "love" that are themselves subjectively defined. There are forms of non-monogamy whose practitioners set themselves apart by qualifiers, such as "ethically non-monogamous" which intends a distancing from the deceit or subterfuge they perceive in common cheating and adultery. This usage creates distinctions beyond the definitions of the words.

Some useful terms are Metamour or Meta, the common term for a person with whom a partner is shared, V-Structure, one person is equally involved with two partners,[41] and Triads / Quads. The latter is when three or four participants make up the primary partnership.[42][43][44]

An alternative to the blue, red, black, and yellow polyamory flag

Forms of non-monogamy are varied. They include a casual relationship, sometimes called friends with benefits,[45] which is a primarily physical relationship between two people with low expectations of commitment or emotional labor, and an open relationship (incl. open marriage), referring to one or both members of a committed (or married) couple have the express freedom to become sexually active with others,[46] Other forms include sexual activities involving more than two participants at the same time, referring to group sex[47][48][49] orgies,[50] and threesomes, a primarily sexual arrangement involving three people.[51][52] There's also relationship anarchy where participants are not bound by set rules in relationships other than whatever is explicitly agreed upon by the people involved,[53] and swinging, which refers to an organized social activity, often involving some form of group sex and sometimes simply trading partners with other swingers.[54] There's also concepts such as Polyfidelity, where participants have multiple partners but restrict sexual activity to within a certain group,[55] and a situation where there is a main romantic relationship with all other relationships being second to it, known as primary/secondary.[42] One of the most well-known forms is polygamy,[56] where one person is married to multiple partners. This has three primary sub-forms: polyandry where a woman has multiple husbands,[57] group or conjoint marriage,[58] and polygyny, referring to a man has multiple wives.[59] The latter is more widespread in Africa than in any other continent,[60] especially in West Africa[61] and in North America, it is practiced by some Mormon sects, such as the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS Church).[62][63]

It is sometimes confused with polyamory, referring to when participants have multiple romantic partners[64][65] It comes in various forms, such as hierarchical polyamory, where there is a primary romantic relationship with all other relationships being secondary to it, kitchen table polyamory which refers to people are expected to know one another and be comfortable in each others' company,[66][67] and parallel polyamory, with relationships between people who are kept separately, all may be aware of each other, but are not expected to be friends.[68] There is also group marriage, where several people form a single familial unit and each person considered to be married to all other members. Line families are a form of group marriage intended to outlive its original members by ongoing addition of new spouses[69] and poly families, which is similar to group marriage, but some members may not consider themselves married to all other members.[70]

Favorable preexisting conditions before non-monogamy

[edit]
The most commonly used symbol is the heart and infinity. It has been altered to reflect personalities and tastes of those who have adopted the symbol for their own. Several versions of the infinity-heart are now used to signify non-monogamy.

Michael Shernoff cites two studies in his report on same-sex couples considering non-monogamy.[71] Morin (1999) stated that a couple has a very good chance of adjusting to non-exclusivity if at least some of the following conditions exist. This includes both partners wanting their relationship to remain primary, the couple having an established reservoir of good will, and a minimum of lingering resentments from past hurts and betrayals.[71] Other conditions include the partners in agreement on the question of monogamy/non-monogamy and the partners feeling similarly powerful and autonomous. Additionally, Green and Mitchell (2002) stated that direct discussion of the following issues can provide the basis for honest and important conversations, including openness versus secrecy, volition and equality versus coercion and inequality.[71] Other issues include clarity and specificity of agreements versus confusion/vagueness, honoring keeping agreements versus violating them, and how each partner views non-monogamy. According to Shernoff,[71] if the matter is discussed with a third party, such as a therapist, the task of the therapist is to "engage couples in conversations that let them decide for themselves whether sexual exclusivity or non-exclusivity is functional or dysfunctional for the relationship."

Public health and morality

[edit]
The poly pride flag is, possibly, the first symbol created for the poly community and was created by Jim Evans.

The concepts of monogamy and marriage have been strongly intertwined for centuries, and in English-language dictionaries one is often used to define the other, as when "monogamy" is "being married to one person at a time."[72][73][74] A common antonym is polygamy, meaning to have more than one spouse at one time.[75] As a result, monogamy is deeply entrenched within many religions, and in social regulations and law, and exceptions are condemned as incursions on both morality and public health.

To some, the term non-monogamy semantically implies that monogamy is the norm, with other forms of relational intimacy being deviant and therefore somehow unhealthy or immoral.[76] This concern over sexually transmitted diseases is despite the common practice of regular testing and sharing of recent test results prior to engaging in sexual activity.

It is often assumed that people who participate in non-monogamous sexual relationships have a higher rate of STIs. Despite reporting a higher number of sexual partners, research suggests that the risk of transmitting STIs is no higher than they are among the monogamous population.[77] This is because the non-monogamous community is more likely to be regularly tested and more open about their results.[citation needed] The stigma of receiving a positive result is diminished, resulting in better treatment options and fewer people who are unwittingly transmitting the disease because they were not told by the person who gave it to them.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Kelberga (Kelberg), Anna; Martinsone, Baiba (2022-09-21). "Motivation of non-monogamous adults to engage in sex with their different partners". Frontiers in Psychology. 13. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.961949. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 9533024. PMID 36211920.
  2. ^ Ferrer, Jorge N. (2018-01-02). "Beyond the non/monogamy system: fluidity, hybridity, and transcendence in intimate relationships". Psychology & Sexuality. 9 (1): 3–20. doi:10.1080/19419899.2017.1400459. ISSN 1941-9899.
  3. ^ Parsons, Jeffrey T.; Starks, Tyrel J.; DuBois, Steve; Grov, Christian; Golub, Sarit A. (February 2013). "Alternatives to Monogamy Among Gay Male Couples in a Community Survey: Implications for Mental Health and Sexual Risk". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 42 (2): 303–312. doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9885-3. ISSN 0004-0002. PMC 5830303. PMID 22187028.
  4. ^ Nelson, Tammy (2013). Redefining your relationship after infidelity: The new monogamy. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
  5. ^ Le Cunff, Anne-Laure (2018). "Non-Monogamy: Measuring Degrees of Sexual and Romantic Exclusivity in Relationships". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3232078. ISSN 1556-5068.
  6. ^ Ryan, Christopher; Jethá, Cacilda (2010). Sex at Dawn: How We Mate, Why We Stray, and What It Means for Modern Relationships. Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-170780-3.
  7. ^ Hicks, David (December 1988). "Literary Masks and Metaphysical Truths: Intimations from Timor". American Anthropologist. 90 (4): 807–817. doi:10.1525/aa.1988.90.4.02a00020. ISSN 0002-7294.
  8. ^ Cataldo, Jeremiah W. (2022-06-16), "No means yes, right? Prohibited sex in the Bible", What the Bible Says About Sex, London: Routledge, pp. 109–125, doi:10.4324/9781003164074-8, ISBN 978-1-003-16407-4, retrieved 2024-12-19
  9. ^ Witte, John, Jr (2015). The Western Case for Monogamy over Polygamy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316182031.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Barker, Nicola (2018-11-13). "The Evolution of Marriage and Relationship Recognition in Western Jurisdictions". UN Women Discussion Papers. doi:10.18356/1c046084-en. ISBN 978-92-1-047602-7. ISSN 2521-6112.
  11. ^ Purwanto, Muhammad Roy; Mukharrom, Tamyiz; Syibly, M. Roem; Nurozi, Ahmad (2021). "Polygamy in Muslim Countries: A Comparative Study in Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, and Indonesia". Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research. Proceedings of the 2nd Southeast Asian Academic Forum on Sustainable Development (SEA-AFSID 2018). 168. Paris, France: Atlantis Press. doi:10.2991/aebmr.k.210305.082. ISBN 978-94-6239-347-9.
  12. ^ Al-Sharfi, Mohammad; Pfeffer, Karen; Miller, Kirsty A. (2016-09-01). "The effects of polygamy on children and adolescents: A systematic review". Journal of Family Studies. 22 (3): 272–286. doi:10.1080/13229400.2015.1086405. ISSN 1322-9400.
  13. ^ Goodwin, Robin (2013-05-13). Personal Relationships Across Cultures (1 ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203434161. ISBN 978-0-203-43416-1.
  14. ^ Hasannia, Ali; Masoudian, Mostafa (2021), Hosseini, S. Behnaz (ed.), "Temporary Marriage Among Shiite and Sunni Muslims: Comparative Study of 'Istimtā', Mut'ah, and Misyār", Temporary and Child Marriages in Iran and Afghanistan, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 31–45, doi:10.1007/978-981-33-4469-3_2, ISBN 978-981-334-468-6, retrieved 2024-12-17
  15. ^ Conley, Terri D.; Ziegler, Ali; Moors, Amy C.; Matsick, Jes L.; Valentine, Brandon (May 2013). "A Critical Examination of Popular Assumptions About the Benefits and Outcomes of Monogamous Relationships". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 17 (2): 124–141. doi:10.1177/1088868312467087. ISSN 1088-8683. PMID 23175520.
  16. ^ Burleigh, Tyler J.; Rubel, Alicia N.; Meegan, Daniel V. (2017-04-03). "Wanting 'the whole loaf': zero-sum thinking about love is associated with prejudice against consensual non-monogamists". Psychology & Sexuality. 8 (1–2): 24–40. doi:10.1080/19419899.2016.1269020. ISSN 1941-9899.
  17. ^ Richards, Christina; Barker, Meg (2013). Sexuality and Gender for Mental Health Professionals: A Practical Guide. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi:10.4135/9781473957817. ISBN 978-0-85702-843-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  18. ^ Rubel, Alicia N.; Bogaert, Anthony F. (2015-11-22). "Consensual Nonmonogamy: Psychological Well-Being and Relationship Quality Correlates". The Journal of Sex Research. 52 (9): 961–982. doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.942722. ISSN 0022-4499. PMID 25189189.
  19. ^ a b c d Matsick, Jes L.; Conley, Terri D.; Ziegler, Ali; Moors, Amy C.; Rubin, Jennifer D. (2014-10-02). "Love and sex: polyamorous relationships are perceived more favourably than swinging and open relationships". Psychology & Sexuality. 5 (4): 339–348. doi:10.1080/19419899.2013.832934. ISSN 1941-9899.
  20. ^ Grunt-Mejer, Katarzyna; Campbell, Christine (2016-01-02). "Around Consensual Nonmonogamies: Assessing Attitudes Toward Nonexclusive Relationships". The Journal of Sex Research. 53 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1010193. ISSN 0022-4499. PMID 26241075.
  21. ^ Nordgren, Andie (2006). "The short instructional manifesto for relationship anarchy". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
  22. ^ Rubel, Alicia N.; Bogaert, Anthony F. (2015-11-22). "Consensual Nonmonogamy: Psychological Well-Being and Relationship Quality Correlates". The Journal of Sex Research. 52 (9): 961–982. doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.942722. ISSN 0022-4499. PMID 25189189.
  23. ^ Kelberga (Kelberg), Anna; Martinsone, Baiba (2022-09-21). "Motivation of non-monogamous adults to engage in sex with their different partners". Frontiers in Psychology. 13. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.961949. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 9533024. PMID 36211920.
  24. ^ Scoats, Ryan; Campbell, Christine (December 2022). "What do we know about consensual non-monogamy?". Current Opinion in Psychology. 48: 101468. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101468. PMID 36215906.
  25. ^ Richards, Christina; Barker, Meg-Jon (2013). Sexuality and Gender for Mental Health Professionals: A Practical Guide. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85702-843-3.
  26. ^ Matsick, Jes L.; Conley, Terri D.; Ziegler, Ali; Moors, Amy C.; Rubin, Jennifer D. (2014-10-02). "Love and sex: polyamorous relationships are perceived more favourably than swinging and open relationships". Psychology & Sexuality. 5 (4): 339–348. doi:10.1080/19419899.2013.832934. ISSN 1941-9899.
  27. ^ Kramer, Stephanie (2020-12-07). "Polygamy is rare around the world and mostly confined to a few regions". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2024-12-19.
  28. ^ Purwanto, Muhammad Roy; Mukharrom, Tamyiz; Syibly, M. Roem; Nurozi, Ahmad (2021). "Polygamy in Muslim Countries: A Comparative Study in Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, and Indonesia". Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research. Proceedings of the 2nd Southeast Asian Academic Forum on Sustainable Development (SEA-AFSID 2018). 168. Paris, France: Atlantis Press. doi:10.2991/aebmr.k.210305.082. ISBN 978-94-6239-347-9.
  29. ^ "Jordan Population and Family Health Survey 2017-18: Key Findings" (PDF). Amman, Jordan, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: DOS and ICF. 2019.
  30. ^ Statuts de l'Académie nationale des sciences du développement (ANSD) de la République démocratique du Congo. Classiques des sciences sociales. Chicoutimi: J.-M. Tremblay. 2005. doi:10.1522/cla.aca.sta. ISBN 1-55442-154-3.
  31. ^ Rubin, Jennifer; Moors, Amy; Matsick, Jes; Ziegler, Ali; Conley, Terri (2014-01-01). "On the Margins: Considering Diversity Among Consensually Non-monogamous Relationships". Psychology Faculty Articles and Research.
  32. ^ a b Fairbrother, Nichole; Hart, Trevor A.; Fairbrother, Malcolm (2019-07-24). "Open Relationship Prevalence, Characteristics, and Correlates in a Nationally Representative Sample of Canadian Adults". The Journal of Sex Research. 56 (6): 695–704. doi:10.1080/00224499.2019.1580667. ISSN 0022-4499. PMID 30932711.
  33. ^ a b Træen, Bente; Thuen, Frode (2022-01-02). "Non-consensual and Consensual Non-monogamy in Norway". International Journal of Sexual Health. 34 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1080/19317611.2021.1947931. hdl:11250/2822937. ISSN 1931-7611. PMC 10906970. PMID 38595687.
  34. ^ a b Horsten, Joost; de Liefde, Pluk (2017). "Hoeveel polyamoristen zijn er in Nederland en Vlaanderen?" (PDF).
  35. ^ Rubel, Alicia N; Burleigh, Tyler J (February 2020). "Counting polyamorists who count: Prevalence and definitions of an under-researched form of consensual nonmonogamy". Sexualities. 23 (1–2): 3–27. doi:10.1177/1363460718779781. ISSN 1363-4607.
  36. ^ Haupert, M. L.; Gesselman, Amanda N.; Moors, Amy C.; Fisher, Helen E.; Garcia, Justin R. (2017-07-04). "Prevalence of Experiences With Consensual Nonmonogamous Relationships: Findings From Two National Samples of Single Americans". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 43 (5): 424–440. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2016.1178675. ISSN 0092-623X. PMID 27096488. S2CID 6855648.
  37. ^ Ballard, Jamie (January 31, 2020). "Millennials are less likely to want a monogamous relationship". YouGov. Archived from the original on November 3, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  38. ^ Blow, Adrian J.; Hartnett, Kelley (2005). "INFIDELITY IN COMMITTED RELATIONSHIPS I: A METHODOLOGICAL REVIEW". Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 31 (2): 183–216. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2005.tb01555.x. ISSN 0194-472X.
  39. ^ Fincham, Frank D; May, Ross W (2017). "Infidelity in romantic relationships". Current Opinion in Psychology. 13: 70–74. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.008.
  40. ^ Eaves, Susan H.; Robertson-Smith, Misty (2007). "The Relationship Between Self-Worth and Marital Infidelity: A Pilot Study". The Family Journal. 15 (4): 382–386. doi:10.1177/1066480707305468. ISSN 1066-4807.
  41. ^ Mogilski, Justin K.; Reeve, Simon D.; Nicolas, Sylis C. A.; Donaldson, Sarah H.; Mitchell, Virginia E.; Welling, Lisa L. M. (2019). "Jealousy, Consent, and Compersion Within Monogamous and Consensually Non-Monogamous Romantic Relationships". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 48 (6): 1811–1828. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1286-4. PMID 30607710. S2CID 58607786.
  42. ^ a b Erber, Ralph; Erber, Maureen (2017). Intimate Relationships: Issues, Theories, and Research. Web: Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 9781351615075.
  43. ^ Bote, Joshua (February 14, 2020). "What you need to know about polyamory — including throuples — but were too afraid to ask". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  44. ^ Burgum, Becky (June 7, 2020). "Polyamorous Relationships: A Definition of Polyamory, How It Works And Why It's Not All About Sex". Elle. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  45. ^ Corbett, Sherry; Sherwin, Robert (1985). "Campus sexual norms and dating relationships: A trend analysis". The Journal of Sex Research. 21 (3): 258–274. doi:10.1080/00224498509551266.
  46. ^ Canning, Kristin (April 2, 2018). "What's The Difference Between A Polyamorous And An Open Relationship?". Women's Health. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  47. ^ Joyal, Christian C.; Cossette, Amélie; Lapierre, Vanessa (2015). "What Exactly Is an Unusual Sexual Fantasy?". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 12 (2): 328–340. doi:10.1111/jsm.12734. ISSN 1743-6109. PMID 25359122. S2CID 33785479.
  48. ^ LEHMILLER, DR. JUSTIN J. (2018). TELL ME WHAT YOU WANT : the science of sexual desire and how it can help you improve your sex ... life. ROBINSON. ISBN 978-1472142238. OCLC 1013584575.
  49. ^ Bernstein, Elizabeth (25 June 2018). "New Research Delves Into Sexual Fantasies". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  50. ^ Wojick, Helen (October 2010). "Swinger Survey Results on Difference Between Orgies and Group Sex". The Swingers Blog. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
  51. ^ Frayser, Suzanne G.; Whitby, Thomas J. (1995). Studies in Human Sexuality: A Selected Guide. Libraries Unlimited. pp. 340–341. ISBN 1563081318. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  52. ^ Howe, Tasha R. (2011). Marriages and Families in the 21st Century: A Bioecological Approach. John Wiley & Sons. p. 109. ISBN 978-1405195010. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  53. ^ DeLamater, John; Plante, Rebecca F. (2015). Handbook of the Sociology of Sexualities. Springer. p. 230. ISBN 978-3-319-17341-2.
  54. ^ Bergstrand, Curtis; Blevins Williams, Jennifer (October 10, 2000). "Today's Alternative Marriage Styles: The Case of Swingers". Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality. 3. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  55. ^ Lane, S. Nicole (April 21, 2020). "Polyamory during a pandemic". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  56. ^ Harper, Douglas (ed.). "Polygamy". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  57. ^ Barash, David P. (March 26, 2016). "7 Different Kinds of Non-Monogamy". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  58. ^ Zeitzen, Miriam Koktvedgaard (2008). Polygamy: a cross-cultural analysis. Berg. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-84520-220-0.
  59. ^ "Polygyny -- Definition of Polygyny at MerriamWebster". Merriam-Webster. 2020. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  60. ^ Clignet, R., Many Wives, Many Powers, Northwestern University Press, Evanston (1970), p. 17.
  61. ^ "African polygamy: Past and present". VoxEU & CEPR. November 9, 2011. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020.
  62. ^ "LDS splinter groups growing". Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on April 18, 2019.
  63. ^ "Canadian polygamists found guilty". BBC News. July 25, 2017. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020.
  64. ^ McCullough, Derek; Hall, David S. (27 February 2003). "Polyamory - What it is and what it isn't". Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality. 6.
  65. ^ Struyk, Tara (September 15, 2020). "7 Polyamorous Relationship Myths It's Time to Stop Believing". Glamour. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  66. ^ "Parallel Polyamory, Kitchen Table Polyamory, and Knowing the Details or Not". Poly.Land. April 3, 2018. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  67. ^ Kassel, Gabrielle (October 30, 2020). "What To Know About Vee Relationships, the Polyamorous Structure Some People Swear By". Well + Good. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  68. ^ Mahler, Jess (August 4, 2016). "Kitchen Table Polyamory, Parallel Polyamory, and Etiquette". A Gryphon's Aerie. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  69. ^ Labriola, Kathy (2017). "Creating a Line Family: Love, Abundance, and Belonging in the New Millennium [Review]". Kathy Labriola's website. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  70. ^ Sheff, Elisabeth A. (October 28, 2013). "Polyamorous Families, Stigma, and Families of Origin". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  71. ^ a b c d Shernoff, M (2006). "Negotiated nonmonogamy and male couples" (PDF). Family Process. 45 (4): 407–18. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2006.00179.x. ISSN 0014-7370. PMID 17220111. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-29.
  72. ^ "Monogamy -- Definition of Monogamy at MerriamWebster". Merriam-Webster. 2020. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  73. ^ "Monogamy -- Definition of Monogamy at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. 2020. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  74. ^ "Monogamy definition and meaning -- Collins English Dictionary". Collins English Dictionary. 2020. Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  75. ^ Overall, Christine (March 2019). "Monogamy, Nonmonogamy, and Identity". Hypatia. 13 (4): 1–17. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01382.x. JSTOR 3810500. S2CID 144005911.
  76. ^ Frank, Katherine (January 2019). "Rethinking Risk, Culture, and Intervention in Collective Sex Environments". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 48 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1153-3. PMID 29748787. S2CID 13723108.
  77. ^ Jj, Lehmiller (October 2015). "A Comparison of Sexual Health History and Practices Among Monogamous and Consensually Nonmonogamous Sexual Partners". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 12 (10): 2022–2028. doi:10.1111/jsm.12987. PMID 26395880. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-monogamy&oldid=1264070758"